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Observational Study: Pedestrians Right of Way. Kiera Kenney Liz Lewallen Jason Sarvey. Background Information. First crosswalk signal created in 1868 in London However removed after a few months Pedestrian crossing came 50 years later Installed where vulnerable road users regularly cross - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY:PEDESTRIANS RIGHT OF
WAY
Kiera KenneyLiz LewallenJason Sarvey
BACKGROUND INFORMATION First crosswalk signal created in 1868 in
London However removed after a few months
Pedestrian crossing came 50 years later Installed where vulnerable road users
regularly cross Audible signals for the blind at crosswalks Called “Zebra Crossing”
Referring to alternate black and white stripes
DRIVER/PEDESTRIAN LAWS Section 3542. Right-of-way of pedestrians in
crosswalks. (a) General rule.—When traffic-control signals are not in place or not in operation, the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within any marked crosswalk or within any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection.
(b) Exercise of care by pedestrian.—No pedestrian shall suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is so close as to constitute a hazard.
(c) Limitation on vehicles passing.—Whenever any vehicle is stopped at any crosswalk at an intersection or at any marked crosswalk to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the driver of any other vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass the stopped vehicle.
DRIVER/PEDESTRIAN LAWS (CONT.)o Section 3543. Pedestrians crossing at other than crosswalks.
(a) General rule.—Every pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than within a crosswalk at an intersection or any marked crosswalk shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.
(b) At pedestrian tunnel or overhead crossing.—Any pedestrian crossing a roadway at a point where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway. (c) Between controlled intersections in urban district.—Between adjacent intersections in urban districts at which traffic-control signals are in operation pedestrians shall not cross at any place except in a marked crosswalk. (d) Crossing intersection diagonally.—No pedestrian shall cross a roadway intersection diagonally unless authorized by official traffic-control devices or at the discretion of a police officer or other appropriately attired person authorized to direct, control or regulate traffic. When authorized to cross diagonally, pedestrians shall cross only in accordance with the signal pertaining to the crossing movements.
DRIVER/PEDESTRIAN LAWS (CONC.) Section 3552. Penalty for violation of
subchapter.Any pedestrian violating any provision of this subchapter is guilty of a summary offense and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine of $5.
TOPIC Determine crosswalk behavior
In both the mall and supermarket parking lots
Determine if gender has a difference in ability to crossMore males or more females can cross
Observe if gender of driver influences the same/opposite gender’s ability to crossMale drivers allow more females to cross,
female drivers allow more males to cross, etc.
DATA COLLECTION Crosswalks at Montgomeryville Mall &
Wegmans Supermarket40 trials at mall and 40 trials at
supermarket We (Liz, Jason, and Kiera) represented
the crossers Every 3rd car, one of us attempted to
cross the crosswalk Performed in the morning (9-11 a.m.),
afternoon (3-5 p.m.), and evening (6-8 p.m.)
TESTS WE USED Two Proportion Z-Test
Comparing location (mall or supermarket)
Two Proportion Z-TestComparing gender’s ability to cross
(male/female) Chi-Squared Test for Association
Comparing gender of driver to gender of crosser
ASSUMPTIONS FOR 2 PROPORTION Z-TEST
State 2 Independent SRS nmpm nm(1-pm) nsps ns(1-ps) popm ≥ 10 * nm pops ≥ 10 * ns
Check Systematic random
sample (Every 3 cars)
(40)(0.625)(40)(0.375)(40)(0.425)(40)(0.575)
popm≥ (10)(40)pops≥ (10)(40)
≥ 10≥ 10
2 PROPORTION Z-TEST Hypothesis:
Ho: Pm=Ps Ha: Pm>Ps
Test Statistic:
P-Value: P(z>1.791)= 0.0366
Conclusion: We reject Ho because our p-value, which is 0.0366 is less
than α= 0.05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of people
allowing crossing at the Montgomeryville mall is greater than the people allowing crossing at Wegmans Supermarket.
Z= 1.791
Overall, people have a greater chance crossing at the Montgomeryville Mall than crossing at
Wegmans.
EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS
Looking at the graphs, see that more allowed to cross at mall
Greater difference between the “N” and “Y” at the mall than at the supermarket
The supermarket tends to be busier on a daily basis
Less rushing and craziness at mall due to more parking availabilities
Time of day affects number allowed to cross
5
10
15
20
25
N YAllowed_to_Cross
count
Collection 2 Bar Chart
5
10
15
20
25
N YAllowed
count
Collection 3 Bar Chart
Montgomeryville Mall
Wegmans Supermarket
ASSUMPTIONS FOR 2 PROPORTION Z-TEST
State 2 Independent SRS nmpm nm(1-pm) nfpf nf(1-pf) popm ≥ 10 * nm popf ≥ 10 * nf
Check Systematic random
sample (Every 3 cars)
(32)(0.46875)(32)(0.53125)(48)(0.5625)(48)(0.4375)
popm≥ (10)(32)popf≥ (10)(48)
≥ 10≥ 10
2 PROPORTION Z-TEST Hypothesis:
Ho: Pm=Pf Ha: Pm<Pf
Test Statistic:
P-Value: P(z< -0.8226)= 0.2054
Conclusion: We fail to reject Ho because our p-value is greater than α=
0.05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of female
crossers is equal to the proportion of males.
Z= -0.8226
Overall, there is no difference between the proportion of males and females allowed to cross
the crosswalk.
EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS
Both locations looks as more females allowed to cross
Proportions between females and males on both graphs are similar
Thought in general more females would be able to cross
Ability not really affected by gender
Could depend on amount of people in general in the parking lot
5
10
15
20
25
30
Gender_of_CrosserF M
count
Collection 2 Bar Chart
Montgomeryville Mall
5
10
15
20
25
30
Gender_of_CrosserF M
count
Collection 2 Bar Chart
Wegmans Supermarket
ASSUMPTIONS FOR CHI-SQUARED TEST
State 2 Independent SRS All expected counts
≥ 5
Check Systematic Random
Sample (Every 3 cars)
40 ≥ 5
CHI-SQUARED TEST FOR ASSOCIATION Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no association between the gender of the crosser and the gender of the driver.
Ha: There is an association between the gender of the crosser and the gender of the driver.
Test Statistic:
P-Value: P(χ2>0.617/df=1)= 0.4321
Conclusion: We fail to reject Ho because the p-value is greater than
α=0.05. There is no association between gender of the crosser
and gender of the driver
Χ2= 0.617
Overall, the gender of the driver does not
influence the ability of the crosser to cross the
crosswalk.
EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS Chart shows percentage
of: Males allowing males to
cross (orange) Males allowing females to
cross (blue) Females allowing males to
cross (red) Females allowing females
to cross (yellow) Predicted more male
drivers would allow females to cross (largest %)
Males were most generous
MMMFFMFF
APPLICATION
Affects the population because people need to be aware of who is crossing at the different crosswalks
Although people are generally respectful of pedestrian laws and the crosswalk, others need to become more aware
GENERAL CONCLUSION In general, drivers are pretty polite Majority obey the pedestrian laws Gender does not affect any part of pedestrian
crossing More females allowed both females and
males to cross Found that less were allowed to cross in late
afternoon/early evening Eagerness and mood of driver could affect
their willingness
BIAS AND ERROR Time of Day
More or less people out Early Afternoon (kids in school/parents home) Rush hour Dinner time
Location Mall more relaxed Grocery store in rush to get home because food
is in car
PERSONAL OPINIONS
Assumed the Wegmans parking lot would be busier So, less pedestrians allowed to cross
Surprised that more females were not allowed to cross Amount of males and females were the same
Interesting that gender did not matter at all
SOURCES PennDot
http://www.dot.state.pa.us/Pedestrian/web/laws.htm
Light Guard http://www.lightguardsystems.com/companyHist
ory.shtml
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