O 2 and CO 2 must dissolve in water before they can pass through a membrane so all respiratory...

OO22 and CO and CO22 must dissolve must dissolve

in water before they can in water before they can

pass through a membrane pass through a membrane

so all respiratory so all respiratory

membranes must be kept membranes must be kept

moistmoist

Diffusion is a slow processDiffusion is a slow process

1 sec over 1 um but 10001 sec over 1 um but 1000

seconds (over 16 minutes) seconds (over 16 minutes)

over 1 mmover 1 mm

Open circulatory system- Open circulatory system- hemolymphhemolymph-- sinusessinuses--arthropods respiratory pigment arthropods respiratory pigment hemocyaninhemocyanin is not is not

contain in cells and is very diffuse in the hemolymphcontain in cells and is very diffuse in the hemolymph

Reptilian heart has a partial septum in the ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary Aortic

Bicuspid or Mitral Valve

Bundle of Bundle of HisHis

Purkinje Purkinje fibersfibers

Diastole- atria contract and Diastole- atria contract and ventricles relax and fill with ventricles relax and fill with blood, blood washes back blood, blood washes back in the arteries and closes in the arteries and closes the semilunar valves and the semilunar valves and produces the lower diastolic produces the lower diastolic pressurepressure

Systole- ventricles contract Systole- ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries forcing blood into arteries and a pulse and higher and a pulse and higher pressure called systolic pressure called systolic pressure and slapping the pressure and slapping the atrioventricular valves shut atrioventricular valves shut

Heart murmur- a defect in a Heart murmur- a defect in a valve that allows backflow valve that allows backflow mitral valve prolapse mitral valve prolapse

Slide # 32Slide # 32

Comparison of Comparison of vein and arteryvein and artery

Muscular constriction of arterioles and Muscular constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphinctersprecapillary sphincters controls the flow of blood controls the flow of blood through capillariesthrough capillaries Figure

23.11

1 Sphincters relaxed

CapillariesArteriole

Venule

222 Sphincters contracted

Arteriole Venule

Thoroughfarechannel

Thoroughfarechannel

Precapillary sphincters

High hydrostatic pressure due to blood High hydrostatic pressure due to blood pressure in the smaller diameter pressure in the smaller diameter capillaries on the arteriole end; low capillaries on the arteriole end; low osmotic pressure pulling water in osmotic pressure pulling water in because the blood still has all its waterbecause the blood still has all its water

Lower hydrostatic pressure due Lower hydrostatic pressure due larger dia. vessels and less larger dia. vessels and less blood volume; higher osmotic blood volume; higher osmotic pulling water in lower conc. of pulling water in lower conc. of water vs. dissolved substances water vs. dissolved substances

Arteriole end Arteriole end of a of a capillarycapillary

Venous end Venous end of a of a capillarycapillary

Slide # 31Slide # 31

Slide # 28Slide # 28

to cells that have tissue factor

->->thromboplastinthromboplastin

Slide # 29Slide # 29Blood clotBlood clot

Crenated red blood Crenated red blood cellcell

4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult; 45% is 4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult; 45% is cellular elementscellular elements

IschemiaIschemia-insufficient blood flow to portion of the heart -insufficient blood flow to portion of the heart that can result in that can result in angina pectoralisangina pectoralis and death of a and death of a section of heart tissuesection of heart tissue

StrokeStroke-death of nervous tissue in the brain due to -death of nervous tissue in the brain due to blockage of arteriesblockage of arteries

ThrombusThrombus-stationary clot; -stationary clot; embolusembolus-moving clot-moving clot Pulmonary embolismPulmonary embolism-most common place -most common place AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis-fatty plaques attach to the artery walls-fatty plaques attach to the artery walls ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis-plaques become hardened by calcium-plaques become hardened by calcium Aneurism-Aneurism-an enlarged weakened area of an arteryan enlarged weakened area of an artery StenosisStenosis-the partial blockage of an artery-the partial blockage of an artery

NormalNormal stenosis with Plaquestenosis with Plaque

Lymph is returned to Lymph is returned to the circulatory system the circulatory system through the through the subclavian veinssubclavian veins using pressure using pressure changes in the changes in the thoracic cavity to pull thoracic cavity to pull the lymph into the the lymph into the blood stream. blood stream.

edemaedema-swelling caused by excess fluid loss from the -swelling caused by excess fluid loss from the capillaries can be caused by hypertension or capillaries can be caused by hypertension or capillary damagecapillary damage

pulmonary embolismpulmonary embolism-most common place for an -most common place for an embolism to lodgeembolism to lodge

OO22 does not dissolve does not dissolve in water very wellin water very well Water has lower concentrations of OWater has lower concentrations of O22 and it is also more dense; and it is also more dense;

thus fish must use more energy in respiration but they do not thus fish must use more energy in respiration but they do not have a problem with their respiratory membranes remaining moist have a problem with their respiratory membranes remaining moist

so they can so they can have more have more surface surface area. area.

Counter-current exchangeCounter-current exchange

membranes around the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity are themembranes around the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity are the

pleural membranespleural membranes; an infection is called ; an infection is called pleurisy pleurisy

an infection of the larynx is called an infection of the larynx is called laryngitislaryngitis

Slide 182Slide 182

Nasal SeptumNasal Septum

Capillaries underCapillaries under

the mucosa layerthe mucosa layer

Mucus membranes Mucus membranes

moisten and warm moisten and warm

the airthe air

Slide # 185Slide # 185

TracheaTrachea

Slide # 186Slide # 186

Trachea epithelial Trachea epithelial lininglining

Slide # 189Slide # 189

Lung BronchioleLung Bronchiole

Slide #191Slide #191

Lung AlveoliLung Alveoli

Slide # 193Slide # 193

Alveolar Alveolar MacrophagesMacrophages

Slide # 194Slide # 194

Lung Interalveolar Lung Interalveolar SeptumSeptum

Interalveolar septum Interalveolar septum

Type II cell secretes Type II cell secretes surfactantsurfactant

Note thickness of cells Note thickness of cells between the air and between the air and the blood vesselthe blood vessel

Air spacesAir spaces

inside alveoliinside alveoli

The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that has fibers connecting to both the diaphragm and the sinoatrial node to either slow or speed up both breathing and heart rate

COCO22 Transport Transport7% in solution in blood 7% in solution in blood

plasmaplasma

23% binds to amino groups 23% binds to amino groups of hemoglobinof hemoglobin

70% transported in the blood 70% transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate in the form of bicarbonate ions and Hions and H++

Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because they: have a higher blood volume they: have a higher blood volume have more hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of have more hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of blood blood have more myoglobin have more myoglobin in their muscle in their muscle tissues only circulate tissues only circulate blood to essential blood to essential tissues during dives tissues during dives