Nutrition CHPT 13 Diet During Childhood & Adolescence

Nutrition CHPT 13

Diet During Childhood

&

Adolescence

Inadequate Diets

• Studies show that mental ability and size of an individual are directly influenced by nutrition in the early years

Children ages 1-2 years old

• Children learn by imitation at this age

• The parents are the role models for their children

• Good habits must be enforced starting from this early of an age

Mealtime

• Should be in an enjoyable environment that is calm and relaxed

• Nutritious foods should be available at all times, snacks should be provided

• All meals should include a wide variety of foods to to ensure good intake

Picky eaters

• The picky group…

• Kids at this age have varying appetites, likes and dislikes they call this “food jags”

• Wt gain of a child during the 2nd year of life is only 5 pounds

“NO!”

• Children at 2 y.o want to decide things for themselves

• They need guidance, not whatever they want

• Encourage high nutrient dense foods, stay away from sweets, this becomes habit

Milk

• Whole milk is recommended until age 2 because kids of this age don’t eat a lot of food

• Low fat milk is recommended after age 2

• Fat is necessary for growth, not fat-laden junk food

Salt intake

• Watch the added salt, there should be known for children of this age

• Keep foods high in sodium off of their diet plan

How much should you expect a child to eat?

• For preschool kids: 1 tablespoon of food for every year of age

• If a kid is 3, then they get 3 tablespoons of food

Choking

• Up till the age of 4 years old, these kids are at risk to choke on the same foods that were a problem in the earlier years:

• Peanuts• Grapes• Hot dogs• Raw carrots• Candy• Thick P.B.

Forcing children to eat

• Can lead to :

• anorexia

• Bulimia

• Later in life

As kids grow…

• In this age group of 1-2 y.o, the caloric requirement diminishes as the child gets older. This picks back up as the child starts to get into pre-teen years

• Children still need nutritious foods, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals

What to limit in 1-2 y.o.’s

• Limit fruit juices

• Increase water and fiber

• Avoid excessive amounts of milk, it can crowd out other foods such as iron-rich foods leaving the child with an iron deficiency

Childhood obesity

• Normal ht and wt are calculated based on standardized charts

• Pediatrician can tell you where your child is on the ht and wt scale for the child’s age

• 1 in 5 kids are now overweight in the U.S.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Is seen in kids in the early years

• Insulin is needed if diet isn’t followed and if blood glucose is elevated

Cumulative problems related to obesity in children

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Asthma

• Sleep apnea

• Hyperlipidemia

• HTN

As these kids get older…

• They are likely to suffer other ailments:

• Hip and knee problems

• Social stigma

• Depression

• Suicide attempts

• Anorexia from the peer pressure

How to handle the obese child

• Offer dietician to see pt

• Discuss “My Pyramid”

• Discuss exercise regimen, offer fun activities

• Parents need education and tips that encourage kids to “move”

Healthy Food Options for obese child

• Health after school snacks such as:

• Fruits and veggies

• Salsa as dip

• Low-fat popcorn

• Single serving of cereal (whole grain)

• Individual bag of pretzels

• AVOID SODAS AND SUGAR DRINKS

Other healthful tips for parents

• Limit t.v. and computer use• Get moving yourself, it enforces good

habits• Never tell a child “he is fat”• Become familiar with “My Pyramid”• Never provide food as a comfort or as a

reward• Encourage child to drink plenty of water

Childhood Type 2 Diabetes

• Most obese children of ages 10-14 develop this

• Children need to see Endocrinologist to watch disease

• Dietician is also needed

Adolescence

Adolescence

• Persons between ages 13 and 20• Period of rapid growth that causes many changes• Bones grow and gain density, muscle and fat

tissue develop, blood volume increases, boys voice’s change, girls start menses

• Different changes occur in different kids, be aware of their needs as individuals, counseling may be needed for these pre-teens and teens

Adolescents

• Tend not to imitate adults, rather they imitate other kids

• Peer pressure is on in this age group• Keep kids involved in allowing them to

make health food choices, they will feel more independent

• Offer nutritious snacks and foods, get rid of the junk and sodas

Calorie and Nutrient needs

• Are increased in the teen years

• Boys need more calories than girls

• Girls need more iron than boys d/t menses

Anorexia Nervosa

• Is a physiological disorder seen more prevalent in girls than in boys

Effects of Anorexia

• Hair loss

• Low B.P

• Weakness• Amenorrhea – (stoppage of monthly menstrual

cycle)

• Brain damage

• death

Causes of Anorexia

• Unclear overall but is believed to be due to:

• An inordinate fear of being fat

• Those with demanding parents try and gain their own control, they choose to not eat

• Some want to resemble slim fashion models

• Overachievers and perfectionists who want control over their body

Odd behaviors of Anorexics

• Count calories of every bit of food they put into their mouths

• Drink large amounts of water and eat ice to feel full• Drink boiling hot water with lemon to burn taste buds• Chew up food to taste it, then spit it out to not take in the

calories• Eat large amounts of fruit only• Exercise ALL DAY LONG, performing over 2.000 sit ups

in a day• Using ketone strips to test urine, they want to be in ketosis

Bulimia

• A syndrome in which the pt alternately binges food and then purges by inducing vomiting, using laxatives and diuretics to get rid of ingested foods

• They are high achievers who are perfectionists, obsessive and depressed, they hide their disease

• Bulimia starts in late teens into the thirties

• They binge on high calorie, high fat foods and can do this for a length of time, then they purge to feel better

• Stress increases the frequency of binges

Effects of Bulimia

• Not usually life-threatening

• Causes irritation in the esophagus d/t acid coming back up = bleeding

• Causes loss of electrolytes, malnutrition, dehydration and dental caries

Both Anorexia & Bulimia

• Cause pts to be VERY manipulative, pt doesn’t want you to know they are doing this because you will stop them

• Sneaky people• Both illnesses need psychological treatment,

usually in-patient setting works best to keep pts focused and in the watchful eyes of others

Being overweight…

• Lowers self esteem or one’s self worth

Fast Foods

• Try and discourage the consumption of these, limit these to once a week or less

• These foods contain high Na+ and high calories and fat

Alcohol

• Is a depressant, is addicting and is mistaken for just a happy fun time!

• Drinking impairs one’s judgment and leads to accidents and crime, sleepiness, loss of consciousness, and when too much is consumed in a short time, alcohol poisoning occurs = death

• Periods of excessive drinking can lead to alcoholism, cirrhosis, kidney and liver damage and death

Marijuana

• Use increases among teens• Increases appetite, especially for sweets• 1 marijuana cigarette is = to 4-5 tobacco cigarettes

because the smoke is held in your lungs longer and the lung absorbs the fat-soluble (THC) and stores it in fat

• Use of marijuana can lead to the used of there street drugs

• A.K.A. Mary Jane, weed, grass, pot, dope•

Cocaine

• Is highly addictive and extremely harmful• Causes:• Restlessness hallucinations• Heightened self-confidence• Euphoria loss of appetite• Irritability cardiac irregularities• Insomnia M.I.• Depression Death• Cig. Smoking is addictive• Confusion smokable form is crack

Tobacco

• Smokers need extra vitamins like vit C and other vits

• Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease

Methamphetamine

• Potent form of amphetamine• Causes Hrt, R.R. and BP to increase• Mouth is dry, swallowing is difficult• Urination is difficult, appetite is decreased• Pupils are dilated, reflexes speed up• As the drug wears off, fatigue and depression are

present• Other names: crank, speed, crystal meth, zip and

ice

Athletes

• Big in the teen years• Athletes need additional:• Water – needs to be regularly replaced d/t

perspiration• Calories• B Vitamins are needed for energy metabolism• Na+ K+• Iron protein

IN REVIEW

• The rate of growth slows between the ages of 1 and 10

• Adolescence is a time for rapid growth• Fast foods and fads are on the rise, limit intake of

fast foods• Alcohol and drugs have always been a problem for

teens, period of trial and error• Increase in Na+, K+, B vits and iron are needed

for the athlete

THE END