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Nutrition assessment of pre-school and primary school children
practising artistic gymnastics
Supervisor:
D-r Lubomir Petrov, PhD
Author: Stefan KolimechkovExpert in Physical Education and Sports
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the diet and the physical development of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics.
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Objectives and tasks
Approbation and adaptation of an appropriate food questionnaire in order to assess diet and nutrition of children;
Nutritional assessment of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics;
Approbation of appropriate methods in order to assess physical development in young children;
Assessment of the physical development of pre-school and primary school children practising gymnastics;
Assessment of nutrition and physical development based on the children's training process.Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria),
2012
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MethodsThe study included 40 children, 22 boys and 18 girls, from 4 to 12 years of age, practising artistic gymnastics in ‘Sports Centre Levski’ in Sofia (Bulgaria).
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Anthropometry
Upper arm circumference (cm), Skinfolds – triceps and scapular (mm), Dynamometry (kg)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
percentile and
Z-score
% Body fat
UAMA (сm2)Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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We used specialised software prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) – ‘WHO Anthro’ (for children under six years of age) and ‘WHO Anthro Plus’ (for children over six years of age), to assess height, weight and BMI in children (WHO 2007).
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Nutrition assessmentBased on the results, the daily intake of proteins,
carbohydrates and fats, protein/kg body weight, in addition to
the total daily energy intake (kcal/24h) was calculated .
The data concerning height and weight between our
measurements and those obtained from the parents were
compared.
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Results
Males3-6 years
Females3-6 years
Males7-11 years
Females7-11 years
Age (y) 5.00 ± 0.58 5.6 ± 0.89 7.55 ± 0.52 8.7 ± 2.11Sport
experience (m)7.43 ± 5.35 24.6 ± 12.28 26.82 ± 15.30 14.8 ± 13.97
Height (сm) 112.17 ± 6.25 116.66 ± 5.91 126.27 ± 3.87 131.82 ± 12.09
HeightZ-score
-0.28 ± 0.65 0.10 ± 0.87 -0.28 ± 0.61 -0.27 ± 1.12
Weight (kg) 18.83 ± 2.83 21.6 ± 3.11 25.54 ± 2.79 30.87 ± 10.19WeightZ-score
-0.39 ± 0.77 0.25 ± 0.66 -0.10 ± 0.80 -0.02 ± 1.09
BMI (kg/cm2) 14.91 ± 1.30 15.79 ± 1.06 16.01 ± 1.59 17.30 ± 2.82
BMIZ-score
-0.37 ± 1.03 0.24 ± 0.67 0.04 ± 1.03 0.304 ± 0.86
Body fat (%) 12.07 ± 2.21 14.66 ± 2.74 12.53 ± 2.80 17.36 ± 5.64
Anthropometric data of the children from our study
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Anthropometric and dynamometric data
Males3-6 years
Females3-6 years
Males7-11 years
Females7-11 years
Skinfold subscapular
(mm)4.50 ± 0.58 5.72 ± 0.93 5.14 ± 0.81 7.99 ± 4.88
Skinfold triceps (mm)
7.93 ± 1.67 9.52 ± 2.29 7.77 ± 2.16 11.25 ± 4.19
Upper arm muscle area
(сm2)16.35 ± 2.11 20.19 ± 3.84 21.80 ± 2.75 25.57 ± 7.23
Grip force Left hand (N)
69.37 ± 12.48 79.26 ± 18.27 103.36 ± 28.46 93.29 ± 16.50
Grip force Right hand (N)
83.39 ± 39.65 84.37 ± 17.48 111.92 ± 28.33100.45 ±
26.22Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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0
2
4
6
8
10
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BMI Z-scores
Num
ber
of
childre
n
BMI Z-scores for the children under study
< -2 -2 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to 1 1 to 2 > 2
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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3-6 years of age, urbanpopulation,
Bulgaria 1997
3-6 years ofage, childrenunder study
6-10 years ofage, urbanpopulation,
Bulgaria 1997
6-10 years ofage, childrenunder study
Expected energyexpenditure (kcal/24 h)
1423 ± 243 1558 ± 135.9
Energy intake(kcal/24 h)
1740 ± 479 1503 ± 330 2069 ± 518 1831 ± 432.2
Protein (Е%) 10.5 16.0 ± 1.7 10.7 16.1 ± 2.4
Fat (E%) 37.3 33.3 ± 3.9 40.2 34.4 ± 4.5
Carbohydrates (E %) 52.2 48.4 ± 4.7 49.1 47.3 ± 5.6
Protein (g/kg body weight)
3.2 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 0.9
Protein (g/day) 46.2 ± 12.3 60.4 ± 14.7 55.6 ± 14.7 73.9 ± 19.1
Fat (g) 72.6 ± 21.6 55.6 ± 12.9 92.4 ± 29.5 70.0 ± 18.0
Carbohydrates (g) 228 ± 70 182 ± 45.6 254 ± 72 217.1 ± 59.3
Food intake data of the children from our study and children of the same age group from the Nutritional Survey of the population of Bulgaria 1997
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
8.0
25.2
15.7
20.5
10.512.4
7.6
27.1
16.3
23.7
12.4 12.9
под 2 г. спортен стаж
над 2 г. спортен стаж
*
Anthropometric and dynamometric data of primary school boys with less than 2 years sport experience in gymnastics (n=13), and boys who are competitors with sport experience greater than 2 years (n=6). (* p < 0.05)
Age Weight BMI UAMA Grip force (kg) Grip force (kg) (kg) (kg/cm2) (cm2) Left hand Right hand
< 2 years sport experience> 2 years sport experience
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Group Competitors Overweight children
Average ± SD n Average ± SD n t-test
Energy expenditure (kcal/kg/24h)
70.16± 8.82 13.00 48.73±8.98 6.00 p<0.001
Energy intake(kcal/kg/24h)
72.32± 21.19 13 63.65±15.28 6 p>0.05
Protein(g/kg)
2.87± 0.86 13 2.57±0.80 6 p>0.05
Fat(g/kg)
2.65± 0.88 13 2.30±0.50 6 p>0.05
Carbohydrates(g/kg)
8.86± 2.62 13 7.86±2.02 6 p>0.05
Energy expenditure and energy intake; protein, fat and carbohydrate / kg body weight (Average ± SD) in the overweight children (n=6) and
children who are competitors (n=13)
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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Conclusions and recommendations
We recommend that weight and height in children should be measured by a coach or a health professional;
The BMI does not assess weight adequately in some child athletes with greater muscle mass;
The amount of aerobic exercise in training sessions should be increased for overweight children;
The correct assessment of energy expenditure needs more accurate calculation including any extra physical activity;
Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria), 2012
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The food questionnaire keeps parents interested in the healthy diet and physical activity of their children;
The nutrition questionnaire which was used gives a good indication of the average intake of the main food groups, nutrients and energy;
We recommend that coaches should use their authority to encourage children to adopt a healthier diet;
We recommend that more attention should be given to children's dental health including brushing teeth and chewing food.Gymnastics Club Levski, Sofia (Bulgaria),
2012
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