View
9
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1
Nutrient Test Methods(Part 2)
1. Sugars2. Sodium 3. Fatty acids (sat fat & trans fat)4. Cholesterol
2
1. Analysis of Sugars in Foods
O
HOOH
OO
HOOH
OH
OHOH
OHO
HOOH
OH
OH
OH
3
Definition of Sugars (Codex)
All monosaccharides and disaccharides in food
OHO
HOOH
OO
HOOH
OH
OHOH
OHO
HOOH
OH
OH
4
Common sugars in foods
Monosaccharides:
Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
Disaccharides:
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
5
Common Properties
1. Water soluble
2. Low thermal stability
3. High chemical reactivity
4. Do not have properties of fluorescenceemission and only absorb in UV at very shortwavelenghts
6
Typical analysis
SugarsSugars Preparation/Clean up
Preparation/Clean up
LCLC
DerivatizationDerivatization LC/GCLC/GC
7
Preparation/Clean up
Extraction:Water or water/ethanol mixture
Clean up:Solid phase extraction (e.g. C18, charcoal)
8
LC Analysis
After the clean up step, carbohydrates can be analysed by HPLC without derivatization, using
1. Refractive index detector
2. Light scattering detector
3. UV detector at low wavelengths
9
LC analysis with derivatization
Introduce chromogenic or fluorogenic group tothe saccharide molecules.
Common reagents:p-Aminobenzoic acid (p-AMBA)4-(3-methyl-5-oxo-2-pyrazolin-1-yl) benzoicacid (PMPA).
10
GC analysis with derivatization
Convert carbohydrates into volatile derivativesbefore GC analysis.
Popular derivatives are methyl, trifluoroacetyl,trimethylsilyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers.
11
AOAC methods
Carbohydrates in soluble (instant) coffee
AOAC 995.13
Glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose in presweetened cereals
AOAC 982.14
Separation of sugars in honeyAOAC 977.20
Fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose and sucrose in milk
AOAC 980.13
12
AOAC 980.13 with modification
Extraction: Mixture of ethanol and waterSeparation: CentrifugeEquipment: LC with refractive index
detectorColumn: Amine & sugar columnMobile phase: Acetonitrile and water
No derivatization required
13
AOAC 980.13 with modification
Extract thesugars fromsample using amixture of ethanoland water
14
AOAC 980.13 with modification
Centrifuge themixture after the extraction
15
AOAC 980.13 with modification
Clean up the extract by SPE
16
AOAC 980.13 with modification
Analyse theextract using LC with refractiveindex detector(No derivatisation)
17
AOAC 980.13 with modification
18
AOAC 980.13 with modification
19
Proficiency test
FAPAS
LGC
AOAC
20
Points to note
Sugar alcohols (polyols) are not “sugars”
Not all monosaccharides and disaccharides are reducing sugars. Test method for reducing sugar may not be suitable for the analysis of sugars.
21
Points to note
Definition of “0”Sugars ≤0.5 g/100 g
Limit of detection of total sugars should be less than or equal to 0.5 g/100 g.
22
2. Analysis of Sodium in Foods
23
Examples in AOAC
Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na and Zn in Infant Formula
AOAC 984.27
Minerals in Infant Formula, Enteral Products and Pet Foods
AOAC 985.35
Sodium and Potassium in Seafood
AOAC 969.23
24
Examples in AOAC
Destroy the organic matrix
Destroy the organic matrix
Dissolve the analytes
Dissolve the analytes
Analyse the analytes
Analyse the analytes
25
Destroy the organic matrix
Organic matrix is destroyed by:
1. Dry ashing
2. Wet digestion
26
Analyse the analytes
Sodium in the residue of dry ashing/wet digestion are dissolved in diluted acid and analysed by:
1. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS)
2. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
27
Analyse the analytes
Dissolve theresidue of digestion in dilute acid
28
Analyse the analytes
Analyse theelements usingICP-AES
29
Flame atomic absorption spectrometryFlame is used to produce ground-state atoms.
Sodium atoms formed during the atomizationmay be lost by ionization.
Na Na+ + e-
Depression of signal.
30
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Ionization suppressor
Large excess of easily ionisable element (e.g.,Cs) can be used to suppress the ionization.
31
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Excess Cs in the flame suppresses the Ionization (e.g. Na) by mass action effect
Cs Cs+ + e-
Na Na+ + e-
32
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Typical limits of detection: 0.01 – 0.1 mg/L
Linear dynamic range is generally no more than three orders of magnitude (e.g. from 0.01 to 10 mg/L).
33
Inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectrometry
Plasma instead of flame is the excitation source.
Temperature in plasma is much higher thanthat in flame (7,000 K compared with 2000 to 3000 K).
34
Inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectrometry
Because of the high temperature most samplesare completely atomized and this techniquesuffers from few chemical interferences compared with the flame.
35
Inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectrometry
Characterized by low detection limits of theorder of 1 – 100 ng/mL, because of its highexcitation temperature compared with the flame.
It has a larger linear dynamic range comparedwith FAS.
36
Proficiency test
FAPAS
AOAC
LGC
37
Points to note
Addition of Cs can produce higher resultsespecially in the presence of high level ofpotassium in food.
38
Points to note
Definition of “0”Sodium ≤5 mg/100 g.
Limit of detection should be better than 5 mg/100g
39
3. Analysis of Fatty Acids(saturated and trans)
in Foods
40
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Fat (Total, Saturated, and Unsaturated) in Foods
Hydrolytic Extraction GasChromatographic Method
41
AOAC Official Method 996.06
The method is supported by interlaboratorystudy for the determination of total, saturated fatand monounsaturated fat in different food stuffs
Wheat-based cerealPeanut butterFish sticksGround beef, etc
42
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Fat and fatty acids are extracted from food by hydrolytic method.
Triglyceride, triundecanoin (C11:0), is added as internal standard.
43
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Fat is extracted into ether, then methylated to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using BF3 in methanol.
FAMEs are quantitatively measured by capillarygas chromatography against C11:0 internal standard.
44
AOAC Official Method 996.06
FatFat HydrolysisHydrolysis
Methylatedto FAMEs
Methylatedto FAMEs
GC-FID(quantitation)GC-FID
(quantitation)
45
Apparatus
Gas chromatograph equipped with flameionisation detector (GC-FID).
Capillary column (SP2560 100 m x 0.25 mm with 0.25 µm film is suitable).
Mojonnier flasks.
46
Mojonnier flask
47
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Hydrolysis
Weigh sampleand pyrogallicacid into the Mojonnier flask
48
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Hydrolysis
Add internalstandard, ethanoland 8.3 M HCl.
49
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Hydrolysis
Hydrolyse thesample at 70 –80 oC
50
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Hydrolysis
Remove flasksfrom water bath.Cool to roomtemperature.
51
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Add ethanol anddiethyl ether.Shake.
52
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Add petroleum ether.Shake.
53
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Centrifuge sampleat 600 rpm.(allow contents tosep. at least 1 h if centrifuge is notavailable)
54
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Decant the etherlayer into a tube.
55
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Evaporate etheron water bathusing nitrogenstream to aidin evaporation.
56
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Extraction
Dissolve the residue in chloroform.
57
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Transfer mixture to a glass vial. Evaporate todryness.
58
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Add 7% BF3
reagent and toluene.
59
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Seal vials withscrewcap andheat them in 100 oC.
60
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Allow vials to coolto roomtemperature.
61
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Add water (5 mL),hexane (1 mL),Na2SO4 (1 g).Shake
62
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Allow layers to separate and transfer top layer to anothervial containing Na2SO4 (1 g).
63
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Methylation
Top layer shouldcontain FAMEsand internal standard.
64
AOAC Official Method 996.06
GC Determination
Transfer to autosampler vialfor GC analysis.
65
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Peaks of unknown identity should not be included in the summation when quantifying fat in the test portion.
66
AOAC Official Method 996.06
Peaks of known identity with relative retention times are given the method (more than 50 FAMEs).
The FAME are ranging from butyric acid (C4:0)To docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6).
Relative retention time of several trans and cis-FAMEs are also provided in the method.
67
FAME standards (saturated fat)
C15:0 Methyl pentadecanoate
C14:0 Methyl myristate
C12:0 Methyl laurate
C10:0 Methyl decanoate
C8:0 Methyl octanoate
C6:0 Methyl hexanoateC4:0 Methyl butyrate
68
FAME standards (saturated fat)
C24:0 Methyl tetracosanoate
C22:0 Methyl docosanoate
C20:0 Methyl eicosanoate
C18:0 Methyl stearate
C17:0 Methyl heptadecanotate
C16:0 Methyl palmitate
69
FAME standards (trans fat)
C18:2TT (9,12-trans) Methyl trans-9,12-octadecadienoate
C18:1T (11-trans) Methyl trans-11-octadecenoate
C18:1T (9-trans) Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate
C18:1T (6-trans) Methyl trans-6-octadecenoate
C16:1T (9-trans) Methyl trans-9-hexadecenoate
C14:1T(9-trans) Methyl trans-9-tetradecanoate
70
FAME standards (trans fat)
C22:1T (13-trans) Methyl trans-13-docosenoate
C18:2T (9-cis,11-trans) Methyl cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate
C20:1T (11-trans) Methyl trans-11-eicosenoate
C18:2T (9-trans,12-cis) Methyl trans-9, cis-12-octadecadienoate
C18:2T (9-cis,12-trans) Methyl cis-9, trans-12-octadecadienoate
71
Standard FAMEs
min25 30 35 40 45 50 55
pA
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
FID1 A, (090116\PMQ6F.D)
Area
: 519
.32
Area
: 240
.455
Area
: 226
.64 A
rea: 2
51.94
5 A
rea: 2
24.63
Area
: 245
.512
Area
: 233
.893
Area
: 254
.705
Area
: 239
.542
Area
: 243
.066
Area
: 246
.059
Area
: 254
.488
Area
: 259
.112
Area
: 247
.221
Area
: 246
.985
Area
: 262
.943
Area
: 254
.781
Area
: 103
.284
Area
: 136
.183
Area
: 252
.828
Area
: 251
.662
Area
: 24
25.
194
- C
11:0
34.
833
- C
14:1
(9-
cis)
37.
172
- C
15:1
(10
-cis
)
39.
110
- C
16:1
(9-
cis)
41.
255
- C
17:1
(10
-cis
)
43.
041
- C
18:1
(6-
cis)
43.
146
- C
18:1
(9-
cis)
43.
326
- C
18:1
(11
-cis
)
45.
073
- C
18:2
(9,
12-
cis)
46.
491
- C
18:3
(6,
9,12
-cis
) 4
6.85
7 -
C20
:1 (
8-ci
s) 4
7.01
0 -
C20
:1 (
11-c
is)
47.
257
- C
18:3
(9,
12,1
5-ci
s)
48.
830
- C
20:2
(11
, 14
-cis
)
50.
162
- C
20:3
(8,
11,1
4-ci
s) 5
0.61
2 -
C22
:1 (
13-c
is)
50.
886
- C
20:3
(11
,14,
17-c
is)
51.
192
- C
20:4
(5,
8,11
,14-
cis)
52.
368
- C
22:2
(13
, 16
-cis
) 53.
432
- C
20:5
(5,
8,11
,14,
17-c
is)
54.
237
- C
24:1
(15
-cis
) 5
4.52
3 -
C22
:3 (
13,1
6,19
-cis
) 5
5.16
1 -
C22
:4 (
7,10
,13,
16-c
is)
56.
205
- C
22:5
(4,
7,10
,13,
16-c
is)
57.
720
- C
22:5
(7,
10,1
3,16
,19-
cis)
58.
939
- C
22:6
(4,
7,10
,13,
16,1
9-ci
s)
72
Standard FAMEs
min10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
pA
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
FID1 A, (090106\Q5F.D)
Area
: 216
.944
Area
: 260
.661 A
rea: 3
24.52
7
Area
: 393
.621
Area
: 527
.329
Area
: 359
.293
Area
: 379
.854
Area
: 117
.608
Area
: 381
.531
Area
: 392
.303
Area
: 90.3
693
Area
: 343
.03 A
rea: 3
74.96
8
Area
: 93.2
559
Area
: 90.7
685
Area
: 100
.41 A
rea: 9
2.264
7 A
rea: 3
72.71
6
Area
: 92.5
985 A
rea: 1
40.66
2
Area
: 141
.343
Area
: 379
.466
Area
: 93.4
157
Area
: 386
.3
12.
361
- C
4:0
14.
403
- C
6:0
17.
896
- C
8:0 22.
658
- C
10:0 2
5.26
4 -
C11
: 0
27.
871
- C
12:0
32.
931
- C
14:0
34.
278
- C
14:1
T (9
-tra
ns)
35.
328
- C
15:0
37.
627
- C
16:0
38.
700
- C
16:1
T (9
-tra
ns)
39.
823
- C
17:0
41.
934
- C
18:0
42.
758
- C
18:1
T (6
-tra
ns)
42.
832
- C
18:1
T (9
-tra
ns)
42.
941
- C
18:1
T (1
1-tr
ans)
44.
286
- C
18:2
TT (
9, 1
2-tr
ans)
45.
901
- C
20:0
46.
718
- C
20:1
T (1
1-tr
ans)
47.
636
- C
18:2
T (9
-cis
, 11
-tra
ns)
47.
930
- C
18:2
T (1
0-tr
ans,
12-
cis)
49.
569
- C
22:0
50.
331
- C
22:1
T (1
3-tr
ans)
53.
112
- C
24:0
73
Real sample
min10 20 30 40 50
Norm.
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
FID1 A, (GC-FTIR\FA09~1\090409\751DF.D)
Area: 6
5.8292 A
rea: 49.2763
Area: 3
1.2856 Area: 7
3.2028
Area: 1
01.161
Area: 0
.409949
Area: 3
3.6879 A
rea: 880.722
Area: 2
0.0957 A
rea: 328.499
Area: 1
2.6639 Area: 5
7.6488 A
rea: 4.25208
Area: 3
.56204 A
rea: 2.33197
12.
048
- C
4:0
14.
015
- C
6:0
17.
405
- C
8:0
22.
070
- C
10:0
24.
647
- C
11: 0
27.
224
- C
12:0
32.
259
- C
14: 0
33.
583
- C
14:1
T (9
-tra
ns)
34.
616
- C
15:0
36.
967
- C
16:0
37.
998
- C
16:1
T (9
-tra
ns)
39.
075
- C
17:0
41.
223
- C
18: 0
41.
902
- C
18:1
T (6
-tra
ns)
42.
079
- C
18:1
T (9
-tran
s) 4
2.21
1 -
C18
:1T
(11-
trans
)
45.
112
- C
20:0
46.
802
- C
18:2
T (9
-cis
, 11
-tra
ns)
47.
112
- C
18:2
T (1
0-tr
ans,
12-
cis)
48.
779
- C
22:0
52.
276
- C
24:0
74
Proficiency test
FAPAS
AOAC
LGC
75
Points to note
Availability of FAME standards is crucial tothis test method.
Insufficient FAME standards wouldunderestimate the level of sat or trans fat.
76
Points to note (1)
Definition of “0”Saturated fatty acids ≤0.5/100 gTrans fatty acids ≤0.3/100 g
Limit of detection of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids should be better than 0.5 g/100 g and 0.3 g/100 g respectively
77
Points to note (2)
For prepackaged product with “Free of sat fat”claim:
Sum of sat and trans fat ≤0.1/100 g
Limit of detection of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids should be better than 0.05 g/100 g respectively
78
4. Analysis of Cholesterol in Foods
79
Properties
Waxy alcohol
Low solubility in water
High boiling point (360 oC)
High chemical reactivity
Absorb in UV at very short wavelength
80
Examples
Cholesterol in Multicomponent Foods
AOAC 976.26
Cholesterol in FoodsAOAC 994.10
81
AOAC 976.26
Cholesterol in Multicomponent FoodsGas Chromatographic Method
Similar to method 944.10Benzene instead of toluene is used to extractthe cholesterol.
82
AOAC 994.10
The method has been used in interlaboratoryfor the determination of cholesterol in differenta variety of foods, e.g.,
butter cookies, vegetable bacon baby food,vegetable chicken baby food, commercialpowdered eggs, etc.
83
Analysis
LipidLipid Preparation(Saponified)
Preparation(Saponified)
Saponifiablefraction
Saponifiablefraction
Unsaponifiablefraction
Unsaponifiablefraction
GC-FIDGC-FID
84
AOAC 994.10
Reagents:
TolueneKOHHexamethyldisilane (HMDS)Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS)Internal standard (5α-cholestane)
85
AOAC 994.10
Saponify thesample athigh temperaturewith ethanolicKOH (70 min)
86
AOAC 994.10
Turn of heat.Add ethanol.Remove flaskfrom condenserand allow to cool.
87
AOAC 994.10
Add toluene.Pour solutioninto a 500-mLseparatory funnel.
88
AOAC 994.10
Add 1 M KOHand shake.Discard aqueouslayer.Wash toluenelayer with water.
89
AOAC 994.10
Pour toluenelayer throughfunnel containingplug of glass wooland Na2SO4.(Flask contains ~2 g Na2SO4)
90
AOAC 994.10
Evaporate extractto dryness (40 oC).
91
AOAC 994.10
Add acetone andevaporate todryness again.Dissolve residuein DMF.
92
AOAC 994.10
Pipet 1.0 mL testportion into a centrifuge tube.Add HMDS andTMCS.
93
AOAC 994.10
Shake and let solution standundisturbed for 15 min.
94
AOAC 994.10
Add 5α-choletaneinternal standardand water.Stopper tube,shake.
95
AOAC 994.10
Centrifuge thetube ~2 minutes.
96
AOAC 994.10
Transfer upperlayer to a GCinjection vial.
97
AOAC 994.10
Analyse the upper layer by gaschromatograph
98
AOAC 994.10
Column:
25 m x 0.32 mm x 0.17 µm film thickness,cross-linked 5% phenyl-methyl silicone ormethyl silicone gum.
99
AOAC 994.10
100
AOAC 994.10
1. Six standard solutions 2. Concentration: 0.0025 – 0.2 mg/mL3. 5α-cholestane: 0.1 mg/mL in n-heptane
101
Proficiency Tests
FAPAS
AOAC
102
Points to note
Centrifuge tubes have to be silanized.
i. Fill tubes with 10% HF (stand 10 min). ii. Rinse with water and anhydrous methanol.iii. Dry tube under nitrogen.iv. Fill tubes with 10% HMDS in toluene and
let stand 1 h. v. Rinse with toluene and methanol.vi. Dry tubes in 100 oC before use.
103
Points to note
Definition of “0”Cholesterol ≤5 mg/100 g.
Limit of detection of cholesterol should be better than 5 mg/100 g.
104
Thank You
Recommended