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CARVING
Carving is the act of using tools to
shape something from a material by
scraping away portions of that material.
The technique can be applied to any
material that is solid enough to hold a
form even when pieces have been
removed from it, and yet soft enough for
portions to be scraped away with
available tools. Carving, as a means for
making sculpture, is distinct from
methods using soft and malleable
materials like clay or melted glass,
which may be shaped into the desired
forms while soft and then harden into
that form. Carving tends to require much
more work than methods using
malleable materials
Bone carving is the act of creating art forms by carving
into animal bones and often includes the carving
of antlers and horns. It can result in the ornamentation of a
bone, or the creation of a figure. It has been practiced by a
variety of world cultures, sometimes as a cheaper, and
recently a legal, substitute for ivory carving. It was important
in prehistoric art, with notable figures like the Swimming
Reindeer (antler), and many of the Venus figurines.
The Anglo-Saxon Franks casket is a bone casket imitating
earlier ivory ones.
Bone was also used by artists and craftsmen to try out their
designs, especially by metalworkers. Such pieces are
known as "trial-pieces".
Chip Carving
Chip carving or chip-carving, kerbschnitt in German, is a style of
carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of
the material from a flat surface in a single piece. The style became
important in Migration Period metalwork, mainly Animal
style jewellery, where the faceted surfaces created caught the light
to give a glinting appearance. This was very probably a transfer to
metalworking of a technique already used in woodcarving, but no
wooden examples have survived. Famous Anglo-Saxon examples
include the jewellery from Sutton Hoo and the Tassilo Chalice,
though the style originated in mainland Europe. In later British and
Irish metalwork, the same style was imitated using casting, which is
often called imitation chip-carving, or sometimes just chip carving
(authors are not always careful to distinguish the two), a term also sometimes applied to pottery decorated in a similar way.
Gourd Carving
Gourd art involves creating works of art using Lagenaria spp. hard-shell gourds as an art medium. Gourd surfaces may be carved, painted, sanded, burned, dyed, and polished. Typically, a harvested gourd is left to dry over a period of months before the woody surface is suitable for decorating.
Gourd decoration, including pyrography, is an ancient tradition in Africa and Asia as well as among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, notably the central highland people ofPeru, the Navajo, Hopi and Pueblo nations of the American Southwest, and the Nuxálk and Haida nations of British Columbia. Gourd crafting and painting has evolved from early hand carvings to the modern day use, by some, of electric wood burners and high-speed pen-shaped rotary tools that can be used to inscribe almost any design.
A wide variety of gourd shapes and sizes yields an array of art pieces, including: ornaments, bowls, sculpture, vases, and wall art such as masks. Artistic styles can range from craft to fine art. Perhaps the most prolific and successful gourd artist in the United States is Robert Rivera of New Mexico.
Ice sculpture
is a form of sculpture that uses ice as the raw material.
Sculptures from ice can be abstract or realistic and can
be functional or purely decorative. Ice sculptures are
generally associated with special or extravagant events
because of their limited lifetime.
The lifetime of a sculpture is determined primarily by the
temperature of its environment, thus a sculpture can last
from mere minutes to possibly months. There are
several ice festivals held around the world, hosting
competitions of ice sculpture carving.
Ivory Carving
is the carving of ivory, that is to say animal tooth or tusk, by using sharp cutting tools, either mechanically or manually.
Humans have ornamentally carved ivory since prehistoric times, though until the 19th century opening-up of the interior of Africa, it was usually a rare and expensive material used for luxury products. Very fine detail can be achieved, and as the material, unlike precious metals, has no bullion value and usually cannot easily be recycled, the survival rate for ivory pieces is much higher than for those in other materials. Ivory carving has a special importance to the medieval art of Europe and Byzantium because of this, and in particular as so littlemonumental sculpture was produced or has survived.
Stone carving
is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our prehistory.
Work carried out by paleolithic societies to create flint tools is more often referred to as knapping. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to as lettering. The process of removing stone from the earth is called mining or quarrying.
The term Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an artist when creating a sculpture. The term also refers to the activity of masons in dressing stone blocks for use in architecture, building or civil engineering. It is also a phrase used by archaeologists,historians, and anthropologists to describe the activity involved in making some types of petroglyphs.
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