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• Enterobacteriacae• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia
cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Other Non-Enterobacteriacae
• Staphylococcus spp• Enterococcus spp• Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae• Neisseria gonorrhoeae• Streptococcus pneumoniae• Streptococcus spp beta haemolytic group, viridans group• Neisseria meningitidis• Anaerobes
• Abiotrophia /Granulicatella spp• Aeromonas/Plesiomonas spp• Bacillus spp (not B.anthracis)• Campylobacter jejuni/coli• Corynebacterium spp• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae• HACEK group • Helicobacter pylori• Lactobacillus spp• Leuconostoc spp• Listeria monocytogenes• Moraxella catarrhalis• Pasteurella spp• Pediococcus spp• Vibrio spp including Vibrio cholera• Potential agents of bioterrorism
includes Arcanobacterium, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas,Dermacter,Leifsonia,Microbacterium,Oerksovia,Rothia and Turicella
B.anthracis, Y.pestis, B.mallei, B.pseudomallei, F.tularensis and Brucella spp
Aggregatibacter, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella spp
Challenges in developing breakpoints for uncommon organisms
• Relatively few strains available• Resistant strains may be rare• No clinical trials• Most clinical data from case reports• Laboratory data from centres doing surveys and
studies• CLSI M45-A2 guidelines for breakpoints cannot be
as stringent as standards for common species
Unusual urine isolates
• Actinobaculum schaalii (4)• Actinomyces neuii (3)• Actinomyces turiscensis (1)• Aerococcus urinae (5)• Aerococcus sanguiicola (8)• Other Aerococcus spp (5)• Arthrobacter spp (1)
Option 1- don’t test just add a comment
• “Aerococcus urinae is usually susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics including beta lactams”
• “Actinobaculum schaalii is usually susceptible to beta lactam antibiotics but resistant to trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin”
• “Actinomyces turicensis is usually sensitive to penicillin. Augmentin is the drug of choice”.
Option 2 Provide an MIC
• If necessary, a dilution method is usually the most appropriate testing method
• Physicians should be informed of the limitations of the results and advised to interpret with caution
Examples of Bacteria/antibiotics without breakpoints
• Moraxella nonliquefaciens• Streptococcus pneumoniae/ Ciprofloxacin• Propionibacterium spp/ Vancomycin Rifampicin• Enterobacteriacae/ Colistin• Enterobacteriacae (not E.coli) /Fosfomycin• Burkholderia cepacia/ Piperacillin Tazobactam,
Tigecycline, Moxifloxacin• Capnocytophaga spp• Aerobic Actinomycetes including Nocardia, Gordonia,
Tsukamurella and Rhodococcus• Salmonella spp/ Azithromycin
Reporting
• 1. Discuss with clinicianPK/PD breakpointsEUCAST website MIC distributionsPublished case studies
• 2. Report the MIC only
SUMMARY
If there are no breakpoints , review the literature for clinical reports of MIC and treatment. • Either report with comment only
OR• If the isolate is clinically significant and MIC specifically
requested for the management of the patient, use broth micro dilution method or E tests, following documented methods and QC
• Report MIC only • Always discuss with clinician or add a qualifying
comment
PK/PD (Non-species related) breakpointsEUCAST Clinical Breakpoint Table v. 4.0, valid from 2014-01-01
These breakpoints should not be used when there are species specific breakpoints, such as values or "-" in the tables.
Penicillins MIC breakpoint (mg/L)
PK/PD (Non-species related) breakpoints are based on the following dosages (See section 8 in Rationale Documents)
S ≤ R >
Benzylpenicillin 0.25 2 The non-species related S/I and I/R breakpoints are based on 600 mg x 4 (2.4 g/day) and 2.4 g x 6 (14.4 g/day) doses respectively.
Ampicillin 2 8 The non-species related breakpoints are based on doses of at least 0.5 g x 3-4 (1.5-2 g/day).
Ampicillin-sulbactam 2 8
Amoxicillin 2 8 The non-species related breakpoints are based on doses of at least 0.5 g x 3-4 (1.5-2 g/day).
Amoxicillin-clavulanate 2 8
Piperacillin 4 16 Breakpoints apply to piperacillin-tazobactam dosage of 4 g x 3.
Piperacillin-tazobactam 4 16 Breakpoints apply to piperacillin-tazobactam dosage of 4 g x 3.
Ticarcillin 8 16
Ticarcillin-clavulanate 8 16
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