View
2
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Adaptation and regional standardization of methodology for evaluating effects on
non-target organism
Edison Ryoiti Sujii
Genetic Resources and Biotechnology
Convention on Biological Diversity
• The green economy in the context of
sustainable development and poverty eradication
Sustainability in Agriculture
• A goal for technical innovation in agriculture
– Prudent use of renewable and/or recyclable resources
– Protects the integrity of natural systems so that natural resources are continually regenerated
– Improves the quality of life of individuals and communities
– Profitable
Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio 92):
• Biotechnology will provide maximum benefits if biosafety assessment protocols are available (Agenda 21)
Biosafety Protocol of Cartagena
General principles for risk assessment
• Science-based
• Open, transparent and documented
• Case-by-case basis (trait-crop-receiving environment)
• Systematic – structured step-by-step approach
• Iterative
• Adverse effects (direct and indirect, immediate and delayed)
COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FOR BIOSAFETY ANALYISIS
Literature database (non-target organisms and methodologies) References Non-target (cotton): 66 References – 25 articles and documents Non-target (maize): 131 References – 16 articles and documents Non-target (potato): 16 References – 12 articles and documents Non-target (rice): 24 References – 12 articles and documents Metodologies 89 References - 16 articles and documents Other related non-target: 274 References -44 articles and documents Total 600 References - 122 articles an documents available in PDF Mendley e.address – www.mendley.com (sign in and search Laboratório de Ecologia)
Environmental Risk Assessment -
GeneralFramework
Problem Formulation
Risk Characterization
Characterization of Exposure
Characterization of Ecological
Effects
Communicate results to the risk manager
Risk management and external communication
Planning (Risk Assessor/ Risk Manager/
Interested Parties
Dialogue)
Ecological Risk Assessment
(EPA 1998)
Functional significance in crop system
Priority species or groups
Identification of exposure pathways
Identification of adverse effects
pathway
Construct risk hypothesis
Priority risk hypothesis for selected species or process
Select and conduct experiments
Identification of potential adverse effects on ecossystem services in the receiving environment
Decision based on
data
Hypothesis can be ruled out
Hypothesis confirmed
Case (trait, crop, receiving environment
Association with crop
Priority functional groups
Case definition Aquire data
Tier 1
Tier 2
Conceptual model for Problem formulation
Analysis of interactions
Specification of assessment endpoints
Identification of causal links from stressor to adverse
effect
Tier 3 Experimental plan
Measument endpoints
Analysis phase Tier 4...n
Exposure characterization Adverse effect characterization
Risk characterization
LAC Biosafety Proposal
Methodology
Risk assessment of GMO on non-target
organisms
Identification of potential adverse effects on ecossystem services in the receiving environment
Case (trait, crop, receiving environment)
Priority functional groups
Case definition
Aquire data
Tier 1
Conceptual model for Problem formulation
Analysis of interactions
LAC Biosafety Proposal
Methodology Risk assessment of GMO on non-target organisms
Functional group
Adverse Effect Ecological function
Pest outbreak
Failure of biological
control
parasitoids
predators
pathogens
Less Crop Yield
Causal pathway to a potential adverse effect
Bt cotton
Adverse Effects→
Functional Groups
Cro
p ↓
Soil
health
↓
Non
-crop
econ
. ↓
Cu
ltural
valu
e ↓
Co
nserv.
concern
↑
En
viro
n.
qu
ality ↓
Hum
an
disease ↑
Pest herbivores X X X
Predators/Parasitoids X
Pollinators of crop X X X
Soil decomposers X X X
Endangered species X
Plant disease X
Functional significance in crop system
Priority species or groups
Association with crop
Tier 2
LAC Biosafety Proposal
Methodology Risk assessment of GMO on non-target organisms
GMO ERA Project
GD HS P A TL C OC NA OF Overall rank
Wasp
Polistes spp.
3 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 ? 14
Stinkbugs
Podisus nigrispinus
3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 ? 15
Ladybeetles
Cycloneda sanguinea
3 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 ? 20
Earwigs
Doru luteipes
3 1 3 3 1 2 3 ? ? 16
Lacewings
Chysoperla externa
3 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 ? 16
Spiders
Thomisidae
3 1 3 3 1 ? 2 2 ? 15
Functional
group: predators Functional
significance Association with
crop
Selection Matrix
GMO ERA Project
1. Geographic distribution
2. Habitat specialization
3. Prevalence
4. Abundance
5. Phenology
a) crop growing season
b) lifecycles of the species or taxon on the crop
6. Trophic connection
Association with crop: selection criteria
GMO ERA Project
Functional significance: selection
criteria
• Potential in Crop
• Potential in Other Crops
• Potential in Natural Areas
• Other ecological roles
Identification of exposure pathways
Identification of adverse effects
pathway
Construct risk hypothesis
Priority risk hypothesis for selected species or process
Specification of assessment endpoints
Identification of causal links from stressor to adverse effect
Tier 3 Experimental plan
Measument endpoints
LAC Biosafety Proposal
Methodology Risk assessment of GMO on non-target organisms
GMO ERA Project
Endpoint
Stressor
Adverse
Effect
Hypothetical
Exposure
Pathway
Hypothetical
Adverse
Effects
Pathway
Causal
Pathway
Bt Plant
Reduction of predator
population
Mortality or fitness
reduction due to
ingestion of Bt
toxin
Reduction in natural
biological control
Pest increase
Bt toxin ingested
by ladybeetle
Bt pollen Bt -> aphids feeding
Selection of
measurerment
end point
GMO ERA Project
Endpoint
Bt Cotton Increase of Non-
target herbivores
Reduction or no use of
pesticides
Absence or low abundance
of herbivore competitors
Fitness increase and
preference behavior for GM
host plant
New pest status
Yield loss
Reduction of predators or
parasitoids
Bt toxin
ingested by
target
herbivores
Bt toxin
ingested by
cotton aphid
Initiator
Reduction of predators or
parasitoids
Ranking risk hypothesis
Likelihood: what is the chance for each one to happen?
GMO ERA Project
Endpoint
Bt Cotton Increase of Non-
target herbivores
Reduction or no use of
pesticides
Absence or low abundance
of herbivore competitors
Fittness increase and
preference behavior for GM
host plant
New pest status
Yeld loss
Reduction of predators or
parasitoids
Bt toxin
ingested by
target
herbivores
Bt toxin
ingested by
cotton aphid
Initiator
Reduction of predators or
parasitoids
Feasibility: can each one be tested?
Ranking risk hypothesis
GMO ERA Project
Testable hypothesis of risk
3. Strategy for testing a set of risk hypothesis
Weak causal links
Key causal links
Easy and difficult experiments
Staging the testing
Experimental endpoints
Characterization and use
COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FOR BIOSAFETY ANALYISIS
Literature database (non-target organisms and methodologies) References Non-target (cotton): 66 References – 25 articles and documents Non-target (maize): 131 References – 16 articles and documents Non-target (potato): 16 References – 12 articles and documents Non-target (rice): 24 References – 12 articles and documents Metodologies 89 References - 16 articles and documents Other related non-target: 274 References -44 articles and documents Total 600 References - 122 articles an documents available in PDF Mendley e.address – www.mendley.com (sign in and search Laboratório de Ecologia)
Select and conduct
experiments
Decision based on data
Hypothesis can be ruled
out
Hypothesis confirmed
Analysis phase Tier 4...n Exposure
characterization
Adverse effect characterization
Risk characterization
LAC Biosafety Proposal
Methodology Risk assessment of GMO on non-target organisms
Analysis phase Evaluates relationship between stressor levels and adverse ecological effects. Exposure Characterization Source of Stressor (transgene, product of the expression, crop) Movement of Stressor Transformation of Stressor Concentration of the stressor Adverse Effect Characterization - Consequences: Magnitude of effect (severe) Spatial scale of effect (large) Reversibility of effect (irreversible) - Likelihood: Relative ranking (high) - Private/Social: Fully privatized (low) Focus on socialized component
Risk characterization Risk = Probability + Initiator/Source/Stressor/Hazard + Adverse effect Combining the exposure and effects characterizations - the likelihood that an adverse effect of specified severity will occur. Includes three components: - Estimating risk– the process of integrating exposure and effects data - Describing risk– what does the estimate mean? - Uncertainty analysis– how certain is the risk? Addictional components - Fairness: who is affected? - Prevention: can the risk be avoided? - Rights to make choices
Summary of Dossiers for Commercial Approval in Brazil of Cotton
Commercial Approvals: (2001-2011) 9 events (insect resistance - Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry1Ab, Cry2A and herbicides -EPSPS, PAT) List of non-target organisms for cotton - Direct exposure to the toxin/protein through artificial diet, seeds, soil, pollen, leaves, bran in Laboratory (Surrogate species from list of US EPA for ecotoxicologial tests) parasitoid: Nasonia vitripennis (Himenoptera) polinator: Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) predator: larv of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera), Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera) soil - Collembola (Folsomia candida, Xenilla grisea) and earthworm Esenia fetida (Anellida:Lumbricidae), Mite (Oppia nittens) Herbivores: Coleoptera: Anthonomus grandis, Diabrotica undecipunctata, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Homoptera: Myzus persicae; Lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis, Manduca sexta, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens; Tetranychus sp.; Danaus plexippus Aquatic: Diptera: Aedes aegypti; channel catfish, Daphnia magna, Onchoryncus miykiss Detritivores: Orthoptera: Blatella germanica; Birds: Bobwhite quail; Colinus virginianus, chicken Mamals: White mouse, Sprague-Dawley rat; rat,
Summary of Dossiers for Commercial Approval in Brazil of Cotton
Field evaluation of non-target organisms for cotton – Comparison of GM X Non-GM cotton (Brazil, Europe, Asia)
Acari: Acaridae, Euphthicaridae, Galumniade, Laelpidae, Lohmanniidae, Macrochelidae, Microzetiade, Oppioiade, Parasitiade, Phthicaridae, Scheloribatidae; Aranea: Argiopidae, Philodromidae, Oxyopidae, Clubionidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, Tetragnathidae, Therididae, Thomisidae; Blatodea: Blattidae; Coleoptera: Anthicidae, Carabidae, Ceramycidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinelidae, Cucujidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Histeridae, Lagriidae, Latridiidae, Mordelidae, Nitidulidae, Phalacridae, Ptilodactylide, Scarabeidae, Scolutidae, Silvanidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, ; Collembola; Dermaptera: Forficulidae, Labiduridae; Diptera: Agromyzidae, Asilidae, Calliphoridae, Cecidomyidae, Dolichopodidae, Drosophilidae, Heleomyzidae, Lonchaeidae, Muscidae, Mycetophilidae, Otitidae, Phoridae, Pipunculidae, Sarcophagidae, Sciaridae, Sciomyzidae, Stratomyidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Therevidae, Tipulide, Xylophagidae; Hemiptera: Anthocoridae, Alydidae, Anthocoridae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Coreidae, Cydnidae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, Nabidae, Pentatomidae, Psyllidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Reduviidae, Tingidae; Isoptera: Termitidae; Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Aphidiidae, Aphilinidae, Apidae, Bethylidae, Braconidae, Ceraphronidae, Chalcidae, Colletidae, Diapriidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Figitidae, Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Megachilidae, Megaspilidae, Mutilidae, Mymaridae, Perilampidae, Platygastridae, Pompilidae, Pteromalidae, Scelionidae, Sphecidae, Tiphiidae, Trichogramma, Torymidae, Vespidae; Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Gelechiidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae; Mantodea: Mantidae; Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae; Orthoptera: Acrididae, Gryllidae; Psocoptera: Pseudocaecilidae; Thysanoptera: Aleothripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Thripidae;
Non-target organisms for evaluation of GM Cotton in Brasil
List of Functional groups and species selected for Risk Hypothesis Formulation 1. Polinators: Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes, Melissodes nigroaenea and Melissoptila cneucomola 2. Herbívores: Aphis gossypii, Spodoptera frugiperda and Anthonomus grandis 3. Predators: Chrisoperla externa and Cycloneda sanguinea 4. Parasitoids: Trichogramma pretiosum, Bracon vulgaris, Catolaccus grandis 5. Soil organisms: Macrofauna (earthworms and Colembola) and Microorganims (fungal and bacterial pathogens antagonists, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, decomposers,N-fixing)
Non-target organisms for evaluation of GM Cotton in Brasil
List of Adverse Effects for Risk Hypothesis Formulation 1. Reduction of pollination activity inside the crops and in the native vegetation due to the mortality or morbidity of immatures, impaired colony development or avoidance of transgenic crop fields 2. Selected herbivores outbreak leading to higher crop losses and increase d use of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides 3. Reduction of natural biological control of pests by preying leading to higher crop losses and increase d use of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides 4. Reduction of natural biological control of pests by parasitism leading to higher crop losses and increase d use of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides 5. Reduction in the soil activity processes such as organic matter decomposition, nitrogen cycling (ammonification and nitrification), increase in the cotton pests attack or diseases transmission
CAPACITY BUILDING 2 COURSES: Risk evaluation of Genetically Modified Plants Training: Environmental Biosafety and Gene flow management Place 1: ESALQ/USP Piracicaba SP – Organization: Embrapa/ ESALQ/USP Dep. Entomology July, 25 to August 05 of 2011 - Participation: 20 graduated students Place2. UFRPE CENAPESQ (Centro de Apoio a Pesquisa) Recife, PE - Organization: Embrapa/UFRPE Dep. Entomology November, 23 to December, 04, 2010 - Participation: 10 graduated students Lectures and pratices from subbroject members: Carmen S. S. Pires, Debora P. Paula, Celso Omoto, Eliana Fontes, Lucia Hoffman, Edison Ryoiti Sujii 1º Workshop Maíz Transgénico: Realidad y Perspectivas para el Brasil (http://www.cnpms.embrapa.br/milhotrans/) Place: Embrapa Milho e Sorgo Sete Lagoas – MG - Organization: Embrapa 07 a 09 de marzo de 2012 - Participation: 150 students, scientists, technicians from companies Curso/Taller ORGANISMOS GENÉTICAMENTE MODIFICADOS Y BIOSEGURIDAD Place: Universidad del Valle Cali – Colombia - Organization: UNIVALLE/ Corpoica/ Embrapa 20 a 23 de marzo de 2012 – Participation: 54 students, scientists, technicians Workshop “Cómo Mejorar Los Beneficios Socioeconómicos De La Utilización De Algodón GM Entre Los Pequeños Agricultores Del Mercosur” Place: FAEG - Goiânia – GO - Organization: Unicamp/ESURV/UEG 20 de abril de 2012 – Participation: 64 students and farmers Training in Biosafety Giselle de Araujo Chagas, biologist, BS, post-graduate student of environmental management André Ricardo Bellinati, biologist BS, , post-graduate student of ecology
Recommended