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Noise&VibrationControlinWoodFramed,ResidentialStructures

ScottHarvey,PE,INCEBd.Cert.

PhoenixNoise&Vibration,Frederick,Maryland

Disclaimer:ThispresentationwasdevelopedbyathirdpartyandisnotfundedbyWoodWorksortheSoftwoodLumberBoard.

“TheWoodProductsCouncil” isaRegisteredProviderwithTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystems(AIA/CES),Provider#G516.

Credit(s)earnedoncompletionofthiscoursewillbereportedtoAIACESforAIAmembers.CertificatesofCompletionforbothAIAmembersandnon-AIAmembersareavailableuponrequest.

ThiscourseisregisteredwithAIACES forcontinuingprofessionaleducation.Assuch,itdoesnotincludecontentthatmaybedeemedorconstruedtobeanapprovalorendorsementbytheAIAofanymaterialofconstructionoranymethodormannerofhandling,using,distributing,ordealinginanymaterialorproduct._____________________________Questionsrelatedtospecificmaterials,methods,andserviceswillbeaddressedattheconclusionofthispresentation.

CourseDescription

• OccupantcomfortmaynotbeanexpresseddesignobjectiveintheInternationalBuildingCode,butit’sveryimportanttothesuccessofaproject.Thisworkshopwillprovidepracticalinformationfordesigningwood-framemulti-familyandmixed-usebuildingstoavoidcommoncomfort-relatedpitfalls.Discussionwillcoverdesigninghigh-performing,acoustically-ratedassemblies,minimizingfloorvibrationandmethodsformeetingorexceedingenergy-efficiencyobjectives.Detailsandcodeprovisionswillbepresentedforeachtopic,alongwithexampleprojectsfeaturingreal-worldissuesandsolutions.Attendeescanexpecttogainabetterunderstandingofthemostcommonoccupantcomplaints,andhowtoavoidthemthroughproperbuildingdesign.

LearningObjectives

1. Identifypotentialcomfortissuesinmulti-familyandmixed-usebuildingsandhowtoaddressthemthroughproperbuildingdesign.

2. Reviewcoderequirementsforacousticaldesigninmulti-familyandmixed-usebuildings.

3. Highlightoptionsforhigh-performing,acoustically-ratedwood-frameassemblies,includingwallsandfloors.

4. Discussoptionsformeetingorexceedingenergy-efficiencyobjectivesandenergycoderequirementsusingwood-frameassemblies.

Alwaysremembering…

…thattheymakeguitarsandpianosoutofwood,don’tthey…

OverviewCodes&

Terminology

RoomtoRoomNoiseControl

MechanicalNoiseControl

OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl

WoodStructures

Codes&Terminology

Codes

• BuildingOfficialsandCodeAdministratorsInternational(BOCA)–(1999)

• InternationalBuildingCode(2015)

• InternationalResidentialCode

• InternationalCodeCouncil

• GreenConstructionCode

Agency Unit Types STC/ASTC IIC/FIIC

BOCA(1999) 45/na 45/na

IBC BetweenUnits,Corridor,orCommonSpaces 50/45 50/45

IRC LivingUnits 45/na 45/na

ICC

GroupRfromA orF 60/55

Group RfromR,B,IorM 50/45

GroupRCondos fromR Condos,B,I,MorR 55/50

Group RfromR,A1,A2,A3,B,E,I,orM 50/45

DC

DwellingUnitsfromeachotherandfrompublicserviceareas 50/45 50/45

DwellingunitsfromGroupA-2 55/50

Codes

• Othercodesorguidelinesdealwith:

• Outdoortoindoornoisecontrol

• Mechanicalimpactuponadjacentproperties

• Primarilytoday,letusconcernourselveswithinteriornoise.

TerminologySTC

NC

FSTC dBA

IIC

ASTC

OITC

Terminology• Loudnessmeasuredindecibels(dB)

• dB=10xlog(Pressure2/refPressure2)

• HumanRange:0to130dB

• “A-weight”tosimulatehumanhearing…dBA

NamedforAlexanderGrahamBell

Terminology

• WhydB???• Exampleofthelogarithmicnature:

• EasesComparisons:30to33=“BarelyPerceptible”90to93=“BarelyPerceptible”

ChangeindB Subjective Response

3dB BarelyPerceptible5dB ClearlyPerceptible10dB TwiceasLoud

Terminology

•Everythingisbaseduponthedecibelscale

•It’sthefundamentalunitofmeasure

Terminology

• There are noise barriers and there are noise absorbers.

• Barriers are not absorbers. • Absorbers are not barriers. • Many times the absorber is somewhat acoustically transparent.

• Barriers are generally composed of dense, heavy material layers. (Quiz Later)

Quiz

BarrierorAbsorber?

• Barrier

Quiz

• BarrierorAbsorber?

• Absorber

Quiz

• BarrierorAbsorber?

• Barrier

Quiz

BarrierorAbsorber?

• Absorber

RoomtoRoomNoiseControl

Sidetrack…

•AirBornevs.StructureBorneNoise

AirBorneandStructureBorne

• Airbornenoiseandstructurebornenoisearereallydescriptorsofthepathwaysbywhichsoundarrivesatthelistenerfromthenoisesource.

AirBorneNoisePath

• Thesoundheardintheroomwhichcontainsthesourceistransmittedthroughpartitionsandbecomesairbornenoiseinotherrooms.

• Generallyairborneissoundornoise

• Example:

ToControlAirBorneNoise…

• Remember:Usenoisebarrierstocontrolorblockairbornenoisefromotherlocations.

StructureBorneNoisePath

• Vibration fromthesourceistransmitteddirectlytothebuildingstructure,propagatesthroughthatstructureandbecomesaudiblesoundinanotherpartofthebuilding.

• Generallystructureborneisvibration

• Examples:

Pumpsonthefloorabove,or

PUMPS onthefloorabove.

StructureBorneNoise

1. Ideally,ifthevibratingobjectdidnottouchanythingtherewouldbenostructurebornenoise

2. Since#1isprettymucha“nogo”,proceedto#33. Introducevibrationisolation• Hardsurfacedfloorunderlayments

ToISOLATEthevibrationorimpactingobjectfromthestructure.(morelater)

Alittlequiz…

•Isit•AirborneNoise?•OrStructureBorne?

Backonthemaintrack

Terminology

SoundTransmissionClass(STC)

ImpactInsulationClass(IIC)

Terminology

• SoundTransmissionClass(STC) – asinglenumberratingofthepartition’sabilitytoblockspeechfrequenciesfromonesidetoanother.

RoomtoRoom

STCApplies toBothFloor/Ceiling SystemsAndWalls

RoomtoRoomSTC ASTC SubjectiveDescription

30 22-25 Mostsentencesclearlyunderstood

40 32-35 Speechcanbeheardwithsomeeffort

50 42-45 Loudspeechcanbeheardwithsomeeffort

60 52-55 Loudspeechessentiallyinaudible

70 62-65 Loudmusicheardfaintly

75+ Mostnoiseseffectivelyblocked

Credit:ArchitecturalAcoustics:PrinciplesandDesign 1999

RoomtoRoomQuiz…

RoomtoRoom

• STCdevelopedforspeech,appliedtomanyothernoisesourcessuchas:

• Mechanical• Transportation• Music

• Warning:Notalwaysaccuratefortheseothersources

RoomtoRoom

• ImpactInsulationClass(IIC)- Asinglenumberratingusedtocomparetheeffectivenessoffloor/ceilingassembliesinprovidingreductionofimpact-generatedsoundsuchasfootsteps.

RoomtoRoom

IICOnlyAppliestoFloor/Ceiling Systems

RoomtoRoom

• ThepopularityofhardsurfacedfloorsinapartmentandcondominiumbuildingshasbroughtalotofattentiontoIICratings.

• MostAnyCarpetandpad>60IIC• Hardfloors<40IIC

• ButRemember…

•IBCstandardis50IIC

Application 50to55IICDepending uponUnderlayment

Underlayments:ChooseWisely!

• Therearenumerousunderlaymentsonthemarket• Manyarecopiesoforiginals• Makesurethereisatestfromathirdpartylaboratory• Makesurethetestisofyoursystem

Soyougoonlinetobuysomeunderlayment…

No,No,No…

Getdocumentation!

Underlayments:ChooseWisely!

• Makesurethetestisofyoursystem!

ForVeryHighSTC&IICinFloorCeiling…

Application

• OnecosteffectivewaytoaddSTCand IICpointstoawallorfloor/ceilingsystemisthroughtheuseof

ResilientChannel• Costeffective,but…

• NOTSOSIMPLE…

• (Thisreallyneedsmuchmoretime…)

ResilientChannelSingleLegged,RC-1(DietrichRCDeluxe)

DoubleLegged,RC-2

ResilientChannel

Worksinfloor/ceilingstoo…

WithTheDoubleLegged…

ResilientChannel– Yes!

The#1ProblemwithRC

CourtesyofPliteqInc.

ResilientChannel– NO’s!

Quiz:What’stheDifference?

• InsertULU311detail

34STC 36STC 38STC

40STC

50STC

54STC

57STC

MechanicalNoiseControl

RatingMechanicalNoise• Loudness

• Soft• Quiet• Loud• Noisy

• QualityofNoise• Rumble• Roar• Hiss• Tonal

• Singlenumberratingsdescribingtherelativeloudnessandspeechinterferencepropertiesofagivennoisespectrum•Usedtospecifybackgroundnoiselevelsforvariousspaceuses,mainlyHVACandmechanicalnoise

BackgroundNoiseMeasures

BackgroundNoiseMeasures

•NoiseCriteria(NC)• Simplebut,• Noassessmentofsoundquality

•RoomCriteria(RC(N))• Moredifficulttocomprehend• Evaluatessoundquality• Diagnostics

NCvs.RC(N)

MechanicalNoiseMeasures

Method Loudness Quality

dBA • -NC • -

RC(N) • •

ASHRAE*RecommendedBackgroundLevels

*Valuestakenfrom2011ASHRAEApplicationsHandbook,Chapter48,Table1.

RoomType NC/RC dBA

Residences,Apartments,Condominiums

Livingareas 30 35Bathrooms,kitchens,utilityrooms 35 40

Hotels/Motels Individual roomsorsuites 30 35Meeting/banquet rooms 30 35

Officebuildings Executiveandprivateoffices 30 35Conferencerooms 30 35OpenPlanoffices 40 45

Butwait.Whataboutvibration?

• Vibration:anoscillationofthepartsofafluidoranelasticsolidwhoseequilibriumhasbeendisturbed.

• Sound:vibrationsthatwehear

• Noise:myneighbor’sstereo

• It’sallvibration.

SignificantSources

Findthebigstuffbecause….

Biggerislouder!

EmergencyGenerators

Chillers

RooftopAHU’s

Pumps

ExhaustFans

ElevatorMachinery

RooftopCondensingUnits

Biggerisrelative…

• Thesmallerstuffcanbeannoyingtoobutitiseasiertofixafterthefact….

…..unlessyoubuilt300unitswithnoisywatersourceheatpumps

NoiseControlSchemes

SnidelyWhiplash

ByJayWard

TheBestMethodofNoiseControlisatthesource…• Buythequieterunittobeginwith…• Increasethedistancebetweensourceandreceiver• Scheduleoperationsoftheunitduringnon-noisesensitivetimes

Butthenwhat?

CourtesyofASHRAE

CourtesyofASHRAE

• StructureBorne• ProperIsolation

• Springs• Pads• RoofCurbs

MechanicalVibration

Page42,Chapter47,2003ASHRAEHandbook

• EquipmentType• StructuralSupport• BaseType• IsolatorType

…orPumpsonthefloorabove.

TypicalPumpIsolation

MechanicalNoise

• Aforestofcondenserontheroof…directlyabovethemostexpensiveunitsinthebuilding.

CondenserNoise

• Location,location,location…• Abovenon-noisesensitiveroomssuchascorridors• Aidsintheair-bornenoise• Butstructure-borne…notsomuch

Notjustthe“unit”,ductsandpipingtoo!

Iftheperceivedvibrationseemstoohigh…• ISOhasdevelopedaseriesofcurvestoevaluatevibrationthatismeasuresinthefloorofanoccupiedroom.

• Theseareguidelines,notcode.• Localcodesmayormaynotbeavailable.• Residentialnightis100micrometers/second,½ofthedaytimelimit.

CaseStudy

OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl

TransportationNoise

• Planes,Trains,&Automobiles• On-sitemeasurements• ComputerModeling• HUDNoiseGuidebook• LdnorLeqindBA

LocalTransportationInteriorNoiseLevelRequirements

State/City/County Roadway/Railway Airport

Virginia 45dBALeq NAHUD 45 dBALdn 45dBALdnAnneArundel 45dBALeq 45dBALdnHoward 45dBALdn 45dBALdnDC NA NABaltimoreCity NA NAFairfax 45dBALdn 45dBALdnLoudoun 45dBALeq 45dBALdnHUD 45dBALdn 45dBALdn

OutdoortoIndoor

• TransportationNoise• ComputerModeling• BuildingShellAnalysis• CommonBuildingElements• WindowsandDoors:TheWeakLink• OITC

BuildingShellAnalysis

• Calculatesaroom’sinteriornoiselevelbasedupon:• ExteriorNoiseLevel• CompositeSTCRating

• Windows,Doors• Walls,Roof• Miscellaneous

• RoomSize&Volume• RoomAbsorption

• Canbeeitherverygeneralorverydetailed

ExteriorWallSTC

BuildingElement STCRating

CommontoAll Constructions

ExteriorWallsBrick 56

2x4woodstuds,anexteriorlayerof½”OSB orplywood, 3”offiberglassbattinsulation,5/8”interiorlayerofdrywall

VinylSiding 39VinylSidingw/RC 45FiberCement(Hardi)Siding 43FiberCementw/RC 47

Window&DoorSTC

Building Element STCRating Construction

½”InsulatedWindow 28 1/8”glass,¼”airspace,1/8”glass

1”InsulatedWindow 35 ¼”glass,½”airspace,¼”glass

5/8”LaminatedInsulatedWindow

35 Two1/8”panes laminatedtogether,¼”airspace,1/8”glass

StandardPatioDoor 29 ½”glassmountedinpolystyreneframe

UpgradedPatioDoor 36 1”;dualglazedunitcomposedof3/8”laminatedglass,½”airspace,and1/8”doublestrengthglass

WindowsandDoors:TheWeakLink

OITC• Outdoor-IndoorTransmissionClass:anA-weightedsinglenumberratingofthetransportation soundreductioneffectivenessofapartitionthatseparatesanindoorspacefromtheoutside.• STC– SpeechFrequencies• OITC– TransportationFrequencies

Window STCRating OITCRating

½”Insulated 28 265/8”Laminated,

Insulated35 31

OutdoortoIndoorDesignChallenges• RestrictionsonExteriorFaçadeFinishes• LotsofGlass• HighSTCRatedWindowsandDoors=$$$• GreenBuildingDesign• BiggerWindows• FreshAirOpenings

InReview…Codes&

Terminology

RoomtoRoomNoiseControl

MechanicalNoiseControl

OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl

WoodStructures

Questions?ThisconcludesTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystemsCourse

ScottHarvey,PE,INCEBd.Cert.

PhoenixNoise&Vibrationsharvey@phoenixnv.com