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© ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
Nicole PorterEnvironmental Research and ConsultancyDepartment (*previously DORA)UK Civil Aviation Authority
© ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
■ To review the effects of aircraft noise atnight-time
■ To explain the context of recent researchinto the effects of night-time aircraft noise
■ To consider future requirements
© ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
Framework model for night-time noise
CAA work and more recent US studies
New UK work and progress
Future research requirements to help
inform policy?
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“ being woken in themiddle of the night is
the most terriblething for our family”
UK national newspapers
“The noise fromthese airplanes
is making me ill”
“The airlines have torealise just how bad
the problem is”
Potential impact of night-time aircraft noise: Model framework
Night-time aircraft
noise
ACUTERESPONSES
NEXT DAYEFFECTS
CHRONICEFFECTS
Awakening,increased SOL etc.
Other physiologicalresponses
Sleepiness
Performance decrements
Perceived health effects
Chronic annoyance
Reduced quality of life
Acute annoyance Perceivedsleep
disturbance
Tiredness &Mood
Short-termannoyance
Physical health effects
Mental health effects
MODIFYING FACTORS
Objective
Subjective
FEEDBACK / INTERACTION
TOTAL NIGHTEFFECTS
Slow-wavesleep loss
Reduction insleep duration
Sleepfragmentation
©Nicole Porter, UK CAA
© ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
Sleep is only part of the complex web
Most research has concentrated on sleep disturbance
This research is mainly based on awakenings
Most guidance and criteria for night-time is thereforebased on awakenings from sleep
But what has this research shown ?
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The 1992 UK field study of sleep disturbance
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< 75 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95+0
2
4
6
8
10
Outdoor event SEL, dBA
Aro
usal
rate
, %
Arousal rate in quiet
Arousal rate in noise
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At outdoor noise levels below 90 dB(A) SEL,average sleep disturbance rates were unlikelyto be affected and, at higher levels, the chanceof the average person being awakened by anaircraft noise event was about 1 in 75.
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“But these findings arebiased, politically slanted,counter-intuitive, conflict withpublic perception becausepeople are woken up !”
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Typical night in summer at Heathrow
Findings suggest that 8,700 awakenings
simplistic approach - does not taken into account a number of issues.
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focussed on disturbance within sleep
relatively lower emphasis on perceivedsleep disturbance and public perception
meaning of noise not included
even so, do the key findings hold up today?
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More recent studies broadly conveysame message: that, in the home,awakenings are infrequent and onlyweakly correlated with noise
Various guidelines are in broadagreement with the observations:sufficiently conservative to ensurelittle or no noise-induced awakenings
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© ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
Annoyance due to noise
during the night-time
More peopleat home
Increased noticeability
Expectation of lower
noise levels
Attitudes/perceptions
Prevalence of noise
sensitive activities
Communicationinterference
(eve)
Sleep disturbance
(night)
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Perceived impact of night-noise isGREATER than research suggestsbased on sleep disturbance workwhich shows that it is only a weakeffect
: there are gaps in knowledge
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Long term: can night-time aircraftnoise lead to clinically significanthealth impairment (directly orindirectly)?
Need to disentangle intermediaterelationships
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A - to ‘extend’ the 1992 FS to theshoulder hours
B - to compare sleep patterns in ‘highnoise’ and ‘low noise’ communities
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C - to study sleep disturbance amongnoise sensitive people
D - to survey opinion of airportneighbours
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Trial measurement study
Public attitude survey
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Objective of the work
To evaluate the research options A-Cand to recommend the best way toproceed for any future full scale study ofsleep disturbance and other effects ofnight-time aircraft noise.
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EEGActigraphyNext dayperformance(Psions)MSLT tests
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In field work: differences in number ofawakenings, duration of stage 1 sleep,REM sleep; importance not yet clarified.In lab work: no difference in next dayeffects, reduced latencies, awarenesswhilst asleep; importance not yet clarifiedRecommendations: A-C all possible,should understand precise mechanismsbefore conducting a large scale study
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A
Primary objective: to explore public perceptions of the effects ofaircraft noise at night.
Secondary objective: to inform a decision on whether more directmeasurement of sleep disturbance should bepursued in order to guide policies with regard tonight-time aircraft noise, and if so, which otherfactors should be taken into account and how.
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Socio-demographic informationHome and community
Health and lifestyleGeneral wellbeing
SleepPerceived effects of noise
Attitudes to noiseAttitudes to aircraft noise
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20-30% highly disturbed by noise inhigh noise areas20-30% report difficulties in going tosleep in high noise areasOver 60% perceive health to beaffectedLongitudinal studies recommendedfor establish causality
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problem of night-time noise is complex
sleep disturbance and prevention is only part of thestory
awakenings from sleep is only part of that story
past research is robust but provides incomplete story
balance required between perceived disturbance andactual disturbance
still a long way to go to answer long term question ofwhether night-time aircraft noise can lead to healthimpairment
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By day - principally annoyance
By night, a range of views, twoextremes:
● Physiological
● Psychological
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Night -time physiological effects(most frequently researched)
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People wake up because of aircraft noise?
Loss of sleep?
Next day effects?
Loss of performance or illness?
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Evidence WEAK
Aircraft noise is a minor cause of sleepdisturbance
Little knowledge of links between actual andperceived disturbance
Likelihood of useful new results or aids topolicy very low
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People suffer sleep disturbance for many reasons
Annoyance
Aircraft noise cited as cause because of its presence
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Evidence STRONG
In highest aircraft exposure noise areas:
20-30% report highly disturbed
30-60% perceive health is affected
Annoyance greater where traffic has recentlyincreased
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What Does the Public Think About CurrentAircraft Noise Policy and Its Research?
Leq(16-hr) assessments areinadequate/insufficientAircraft noise affects sleep and healthGovernment are not tackling real issues (e.g.Early morning arrivals at Heathrow)Research results are biased and counterintuitive
Economics gets ‘vote’ in policymaking ratherthan community’s environmental concerns
Attitudes have changed in last two decades – more up to date social survey work is required
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Methods for quantifying noise exposure that
Provide a sound and defensible basis fornoise mitigation policies
Can potentially be used to set limits onaircraft operations at different times of theday and night
Are acceptable to both industry and thepublic
Maintain continuity from past policy andcompatibility with international guidance
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Have a practical application focus basedon scientifically robust research
Focus on the stronger link - thepsychological one - to target key issues ofconcern to affected populations
Establish relationships between index andpublic noise perceptions - annoyance andacceptability
Involve public
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� Meeting the need to address public views� Considering changes in public attitudes
after 2 decades� Not duplicating well-understood research� Focusing on policy value� Minimising costs by eliminating
physiological aspects of weak value
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