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NGOs in Complex Emergencies
Objectives
• To understand the complexity of the ‘NGO community’
• To understand the principles and characteristics of NGOs
• Identify coordination mechanisms of NGOs
Components of a Response• International Organizations (IOs)
• United Nations (UN) humanitarian agencies and programs• Regional Organizations• International Organization for Migration (IOM)
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)• The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement• Donor Governments/Agencies (USAID/DfID, etc)• Affected Population• Host Nation Organizations/Agencies• International/Regional Financial Institutions• Business Community• General Public (public opinion/direct donations)
• And when requested/needed…• UN/Coalition Military Forces
The “NGO Community”
1 Source: The Commonwealth Foundation, February,1996
• Broad Definition:• Every organization in society which is not part of
government, and which operates in civil society1
• Diversity:• Size• Operating Styles• Geographic Focus• Religious background• Programmatic Orientation2
• UN Agencies and the Red Cross are not NGOs!
2 Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998
NGO Typesno strict categories – often based on programmatic/regional focus
• Advocacy• Press international community for action on particular issues
• Development• knowledge of pre-existing disaster levels of basic service
• Disaster Relief• Attempt for programs/actions to be “Apolitical”• food/relief are “above the battle”
• Human Rights Organizations• - Speak out policy: Monitor actions of politicians, military, police, other
organizations, etc.
• Indigenous• Many are implementing partners for int’l NGOs• community level knowledge of actors and customs
The “NGO Community”• Who they are…
• Skilled professionals• Paid workers and volunteers• Local and expatriate
• Why they respond…• Humanitarian Principles and Geneva Conventions• Host nation agreement and/or CNN Effect• Some claim the “right” of intervention
• Varying Sizes/programmatic focus• Local/Int’l, global, regional or community interests
• Implementing partners of UN/Donor agencies• Competition for funding sources
Principal UN Organs - Security Council - Int’l Court of Justice
- General Assembly - Secretariat
- ECOSOC - Trusteeship Council
UN Agencies UN Departments
- UNHCR (est. 1951) - DPKO
- UNICEF (est. 1946) - DPA
- WFP (est. 1961) - DESA
- UNDP (est. 1965) - DPI
- WHO (est. 1948) - OCHA
- UNHCHR (est. 1994) - EOSG
- IAEA (est. 1957) - OLA
UN
Sys
tem
Ove
rvie
w
• Voluntary• IMPARTIALITY: Aid is given regardless of race, creed, or
nationality.
• NEUTRALITY: Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint.
• Independence• Humanity• Unity• Universality
Guiding Humanitarian Principles
NGO Strengths• Critical recipient level work• Less bureaucratic/more cost-effective• Access to local knowledge• Neutrality essential to security• Work protected by international conventions
Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998
NGOs Weaknesses• Not homogenous system• Lack of collaboration• Failure to see the ‘big picture’• Government $$ erodes independence• Can be perceived as threat to host nation
NGO funding sources
• Government Donors: Give with humanitarian objectives in mind but may be constrained by other political/policy issues
• USAID, AusAID, ECHO, Bi-lateral, etc• View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery• Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target aid to fill gaps• Will have some form of accountability mechanism
• Implementing partners of UN Agencies• Foundations• Individuals/general public• Effect of donor fatigue and/or lack of strategic interest
on NGO operations?
Major Government Donors to NGOs
• ECHO• European Community Humanitarian Office
• JICA• Japanese International Cooperation Agency
• AusAID• Australian Council for International Aid
• DfID• UK Department for International Development
• USAID• United States Agency for International Development
• CIDA• Canadian International Development Agency
Major Donors: Examples of funding(Source: ReliefWeb, 12 April 02. USDoS: PRM)
Agency Amount Total Purpose
UNHCR TOTAL $54.0 million Emergency Response to Afghan Refugees and IDPs; Support for Voluntary Repatriation and Reintegration for Returning Refugees
ICRC TOTAL $13.5 million Emergency Response for Conflict Victims in Afghanistan and neighboring countries
OCHA TOTAL $3.6 million Inter-Agency Coordination in Pakistan and AFG
IOM TOTAL $3.0 million Emergency Assistance, Logistics, Assistance to IDPs and Returning Refugees in Afghanistan
WFP TOTAL $5.5 million Logistics, Food Mgmt & Supply in Afghanistan and Pakistan
UNICEF TOTAL $6.0 million Emergency Health, Education, Wat/San Assistance to Afghan Refugees and IDPs; Support for UNICEF's Back-to-School Program for Returning Afghan Refugees
WHO TOTAL $1.0 million Support for the Provision of Basic Health Services for Returning Refugees
Mercy Corps (MCI) $0.16 million Support to Maintain Operational Capacity Inside Afghanistan (October-December 2001)
Efforts to improve accountability
• Sphere Project: Minimum Standards in Disaster Response:• water supply and sanitation
• nutrition
• food aid
• shelter and site planning
• health services
• ICRC/NGO Code of Conduct• 130 organizations have signed
• Donor demands for increased accountability• What is “acceptable loss”
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NGO Training• RedR
• Security Management Workshops• Transport Access in Emergencies• Site Selection and Planning
• People in Aid
• World Vision Security Training
• Individual organization training/recruitment policies• i.e. OXFAM GB: Knowledge/experience with
Sphere Standards
Major NGOs in Emergencies• CARE• World Vision• Catholic Relief Services• Save the Children• International Medical Corps• Médecins sans Frontières• Doctors of the World• World (IRISH) Concern• Adventist Dev. & Relief Int.• Food for the Hungry• International Rescue Committee• Joint Relief International
• Mercy Corps
• Africare
• Concern
• World Relief
• OXFAM
• Lutheran World Relief
• Refugees International
• American Friends Service Committee
• International Aid
• American Refugee Committee
NGO Coordination• VOLUNTARY• AS NEEDED• CONSENSUS• PERSONALITY DRIVEN
• Strategic level coordination• IASC, InterAction, ACFOA, VOICE, etc.
• Tactical level, typically will coordinate around sectoral or functional areas, i.e.
• Health, Wat/San, Food/Nutrition, logistics, etc.
• Some by policy will not collaborate with uniformed/armed military
• NGOs may have own coordination mechanism separate from the UN.
NGONGO
ICRCICRC
Affected Country Requirements
THE FOG OF RELIEF:THE FOG OF RELIEF:International Relationships During DisastersInternational Relationships During Disasters
DonorDonor
DONORDONOR
NGONGO
DONORDONOR
NGNGOO
NGONGO
NGONGO
UNHCRUNHCR
WFPWFP
Red Cross/Red Cross/CrescentCrescent
UNICEFUNICEF
Private Private DonorsDonors
NGONGOUN Coordination: UN Coordination: HOC, OSOCC, etc.HOC, OSOCC, etc.
INT’L
MIL
ITARY FORCES
CIMIC
, CM
OC, etc)
Selected NGO/Red Cross/Donor web sitesInternational Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)
www.icva.ch
InterActionwww.interaction.org
Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE)www.oneworld.org/voice
Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA)www.acfoa.au
The Sphere Projectwww.sphereproject.org
International Committee of the Red Crosswww.icrc.org
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
US Agency for International Development (USAID)www.usaid.gov
European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO)www.europa.eu.int/comm/echo/en
Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program (AUSAID)www.ausaid.au
Selected UN System web sitesHumanitarian Information Center - Afghanistan
www.hic.org.pk
United Nations Joint Logistics Centerwww.unjlc.org
Relief Web and UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Onlinewww.reliefweb.int
www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/
United Nations System Locatorwww.unsystem.org
United Nationswww.un.org
United Nations Children’s Fundwww.unicef.org
UN Development Programwww.undp.org
UN High Commissioner for Human Rightswww.unhchr.ch
UN High Commissioner for Refugeeswww.unhcr.ch
World Food Programwww.wfp.org
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