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New Thinking on Goal Setting
New Thinking on Goal Setting
1. Types of goals 2. Design thinking 3. Vision 4. Goals strategies 5. Q&A
Goal Definitions
1. Object of person’s ambition or future 2. A destination or aim 3. Creating a future desired state 4. Regulatory mechanism for monitoring,
evaluating and adjusting one’s behavior
David et al. (2013) Beyond Goals: Effective Strategies for Coaching and Mentoring. Chapters 1 and 6. Gower Publishing. Surrey, UK
Goal Types - Work
Performance Outcome Learning – knowledge & skills Behaviors
e.g. Meet revenue target e.g. High performing team e.g. How to lead teams e.g. Weekly communication of shared vision and what’s going well
Goal Types – Personal
Performance Outcome Learning: knowledge & skills Behaviors
Jogging ten miles Cardiovascular fitness Exercising regularly, safely Jogging 30 mins, 3x per wk
Performance goals
1. Get a promotion 2. Meet project deadline 3. Teach kids to cook
Thanksgiving dinner 4. Lose ten pounds
Outcomes goals
1. To fulfill my life purpose 2. Deeper relationships 3. More pleasure in daily life 4. More life in my future
years 5. Better health
Skills goals
1. Manage distractions 2. Be more creative 3. Engage strategic
perspective 4. Be more calm 5. Deeper connections in
conversations
Habits goals 1. Connect to higher purpose at day’s start
2. Daily flow activity 3. Notice, name, and accept
negative emotions daily 4. Eat healthy breakfast four days
a week
How long does it take to make a habit?
• Daily cue • Average: 66 days • Range: 18-254 days • Exercise habits took 150%
longer than eating habits
Lally et al. (2010). How habits are formed. European Journal of Social Psychology. 40. 998-1009
Motivation Performance vs Learning
Performance Outcome Learning – Knowledge & Skills Behaviors
Glory: Prove competence Glory: Prove competence Growth: Build competence Growth: Build competence
David et al. (2013) Beyond Goals: Effective Strategies for Coaching and Mentoring. Chapter 2. Gower Publishing. Surrey, UK
Goal-Setting Theory: Locke & Latham Specific & Difficult (but possible) goals are more successful than easy or vague:
1. More focus 2. More energy 3. More persistence 4. Triggers creativity – new strategies
Locke, Latham (2002). Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation. American Psychologist. Vol 57. No. 9. 705-717
CONFIDENCE
Make sure that confidence in reaching a goal is at least 7/10.
Goal Difficulty EASIER (when confidence is low) § SMART goals § Baby step goals
HARD (when motivation is high)
§ Big Hairy Audacious
Goals - BHAGs § Stretch goals § Makeover goals
ISSUES with GOAL-SETTING Too challenging
o Increased risk-taking o Increased stress, pressure o Overload o Failure hurts confidence o Dishonesty, cheating
David et al. (2013) Beyond Goals: Effective Strategies for Coaching and Mentoring. Chapter 2. Gower Publishing. Surrey, UK
Too specific or narrow
o Ignore non-goal areas
o Not emergent, adapting as life changes
o Short-range thinking
o Hurt present awareness
o Create a performance ceiling
When to set goals? § Autonomy § Motivation § Strengths § Challenges § Strategies
Moore et al, Coaching Psychology Manual, 2015
Goal Time Horizon Distant and abstract § Long term § 5, 10, 20 year vision Proximal and concrete § Short term § One year goals § Three month goals § Weekly goals
Value of a Vision
Carson, S. (2010). Your Creative Brain. Knauper et al. (2011). Fruitful plans: Adding targeted mental imagery to implementations increases fruit consumption. Psychology and Health. Vol 26. No. 5. 601-617.
§ Visual representation of goal
§ Imagine new possibilities § Connect to values &
purpose § Magnetic like warm sun
Design Thinking
Brown. (2008) Design Thinking. Harvard Business Review.
§ Empathy for needs § Integrative thinking § Optimism § Experimenting § Collaboration
How to Approach Goals § Be clear on WHY § Big picture motivation
§ Address HOW § Specific steps to get there
Halvorson. (2011). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Action
Preparation
Maintenance
2 1 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
C O
N F
I D
E N
CE
I M P O R T A N C E
Select goals with the highest scores
Goal Distance Biases
Future goals § Bias toward WHY § Neglect HOW
Immediate goals § Bias toward HOW § Neglect WHY
Halvorson. (2011). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Improve Self Control § Use it or lose it § Step it up § Give it a rest § Improve your mood § Find a role model § Keep blood sugar steady § Don’t have ‘just one’ § Don’t tempt temptation
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Heidi Halvorson: Goal Motivation
§ Be good § Approach or
Gain-focused - promotion
§ Get better § Avoid or
Loss-focused - prevention
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Chapters 3 and 4. Plume/Penguin.
Motivation Performance vs Learning
Performance Outcome Learning – Knowledge & Skills Behaviors
Be good: Prove competence Be good: Prove competence Get better: Build competence Get better: Build competence
David et al. (2013) Beyond Goals: Effective Strategies for Coaching and Mentoring. Chapter 2. Gower Publishing. Surrey, UK
RECALL BUILD CONFIDENCE
§ Get into growth mindset § Be a self-scientist § What am I learning?
Carol Dweck at YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGvR_0mNpWM
Learning Mindset
§ Experiment § Be curious § If you don’t notice benefits
in first 2-3 weeks, try something else
§ Look for synergy among 3-4 new habits
Motivation Types APPROACH GAINS
§ Be successful § Be healthy § Get more competent § Be calm
AVOID LOSSES
§ Avoid mistakes or failure § Avoid disease § Avoid regressing § Reduce stress hijacks
David et al. (2013) Beyond Goals: Effective Strategies for Coaching and Mentoring. Chapter 6. Gower Publishing. Surrey, UK
Heidi’s Goals Strategies 1. When it’s easy 2. When it’s hard
3. When your drive is waning 4. When temptation gets in the way
5. When you want to be creative 6. When you need speed
7. When you need accuracy 8. When you want to have fun
9. When you want to have durable happiness
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When it’s easy
§ Be Good goals – show off your abilities
§ Promotion goals – focus on what you have to gain
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When it’s hard
1. Focus on HOW or WHAT – articulate specific next steps
2. GET BETTER goals – focus on improvement not perfection
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When it’s hard: Mental Contrasting ü Benefit ü Obstacle ü Benefit ü Obstacle ü Benefit ü Obstacle
Score?? Gabriele Oettingen
http://www.psych.nyu.edu/oettingen/
When it’s hard – develop Grit 1. Choose Authentic goals – true to your deepest
values
2. Have long-term focus
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
William James, 1907 Compared with what we ought to be, we are only half awake. Our fires are damped, our drafts are checked. We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental resources……men the world over possess amounts of resource, which only exceptional individuals push to their extremes of use. William James, 1907
When it’s hard – develop Grit WORK HARD!
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Achievement of difficult goals requires not just ability, but sustained and focused application of ability over time.
Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals
§ Talent § Confidence PLUS § Conscientiousness § Stamina § Passion § Drive § Energy § Perseverance
Duckworth et al. (2007). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 92. No. 6. 1087-‐1101
CONCLUSIONS • Grit gets you the most goal
attainment • Curiosity gets you the most
SWB bang for your goal-striving investment
• enhanced Meaning orientation, while striving, may best serve to prolong one’s SWB gains.
Personality, Effective Goal-Striving and Enhanced Well-being: Comparing 10 Candidate Personality Strengths
Sheldon et al. (2015). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1-11.
1. Grit 2. Gratitude 3. Curiosity 4. Savoring 5. Control 6. Meaning in life 7. Strengths use 8. Happiness – please 9. Happiness – engagement 10. Happiness - meaning
Hard Goals Connect to higher purpose
How can I help others, the world?
When your drive is waning Focus on Why – larger meaning or purpose
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Focus on Prevention – what you have to lose
When temptation gets in the way Focus on Why – larger meaning or purpose
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
Focus on Prevention – what you have to lose
When you want to be creative Use a Promotion focus – what will I gain?
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When you need speed Use a Promotion focus – what will I gain? You will pick up the pace.
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When you need perfection Use a Prevention focus – what will I lose?
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When you want to have fun
Focus on Getting Better
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
When you want to have durable happiness
Focus on Getting Better
Focus on meeting all of your needs
Halvorson. (2012). Succeed: How we can reach our goals. Plume/Penguin.
What insights did you have today?
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