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New rootstocks for table grapes
Matthew Fidelibus UC Davis
and Jennifer Hashim-Maquire
Formerly UCCE Viticulture Advisor
Outline
• Potential rootstock benefits
• General characteristics of common rootstock parent species and hybrid groups
• Site factors that influence selection
• Value of testing programs; university or on-farm trials
• Review of California selection programs and some sample data
Potential rootstock benefits
• Resistance to phylloxera and nematodes
• Influence vine mineral nutrition and salt tolerance
• Influence scion capacity and vigor
• Influence vine yield, fruit quality, and maturation rate
• Tolerance to water deficit
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Root knot (Meloidogyne spp.)
– Adults females are sedentary, feeding & developing within roots
– Penetration and development causes large galls
– May reduce yield by 25%
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Dagger (Xiphinema index & X. americanum)
– Live outside the root & uses its long stylet to penetrate & feed on roots
– Feeding by X. index may cause direct damage to root tips, including galls and hooks
– X. americanum vectors tomato ringspot (yellow vein) virus and X. index vectors grapevine fanleaf
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Citrus (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
• Ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax)
• Lesion (Pratylenchus vulnus)
Characteristics of some rootstock species and hybrids
• Original purpose of rootstocks was to overcome phylloxera
• Vitis riparia & Vitis rupestris resistant to phylloxera, root well from dormant cuttings, & graft well with V. vinifera scions
• Vitis berlandieri does better on calcareous soils, but roots poorly, so it was crossed with V. riparia and V. rupestris
Vitis riparia
• High phylloxera resistance
• Easy to propagate and grafts well
• Riparian origin and low drought resistance, moderate salt tolerance
• Shallow roots, low vigor, early fruit maturity
• Low root knot nematode resistance; moderate resistance to dagger nematode
• Riparia Gloire a selection of V. riparia
Vitis rupestris
• Deep roots can help protect against drought, but not on shallow soils
• High phylloxera resistance but low nematode resistance
• Easy to propagate and grafts well
• St. George is a selection of V. rupestris
Vitis berlandieri
• Variable phylloxera resistance
• Good lime tolerance
• Deep rooting provides some drought tolerance
• Very difficult to root from hardwood cuttings, so no V. berlandieri selections are used as rootstocks, but V. berlandieri is important as a rootstock parent
V. riparia x V. rupestris hybrids
• Easy to root and graft
• High phylloxera resistance
• Low to moderate vigor
• Early fruit maturity
• Low drought tolerance (better than V. riparia)
• Not adapted to calcareous or high pH soils
• Includes 101-14, Schwarzmann, 3309 C, 3306C
V. berlandieri x V. riparia hybrids
• High phylloxera resistance
• Moderate vigor
• Moderately sensitive to drought
• Includes Teleki 5C, Kober 5BB, SO4, 420A
V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
• High phylloxera resistance
• Moderate to high scion vigor
• Adapted to deep, well-drained soils
• Good drought and salt tolerance
• Moderate to high nematode tolerance
• Includes 1103 P, 140 Ruggeri, 110 Richter, 99 Richter
Vitis x. champinii
• Natural hybrid of V. candicans x V. rupestris
• Moderate phylloxera & dagger nematode resistance, high root knot nematode resist.
• Deep roots, high vigor, high drought & salt tolerance
• Dog Ridge & Ramsey are V. champinii selections; Freedom, Harmony, RS3, RS9, & RSD-34 are complex hybrids with V. champinii parentage
Vitis rufotomentosa
• Part of V. aestivalis species complex
• Broadly distributed in eastern US
• Used to introduce another source of nematode resistance
• Parent in GRN 2, 3, and 4
Site factors that influence selection
• Presence of absence of particular pests
• Soil depth, texture, and chemistry
• Availability of water and water quality
• Potential scion vigor
• Difficult to make perfect choice; avoid making the worst choice
• Try to use local observations or data to guide decisions
California rootstock evaluation efforts
• Raisin grape trial in Fresno
• Wine grape trials throughout the state
• Table grape trials in Ducor, Goshen, and Traver
• Hundreds of yet untested rootstock selections from USDA and UC Davis breeding programs
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, California Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V. champinii x 1613C
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Salt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
‘Crimson Seedless’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
USDA 10-17 A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V.
vinifera)
RS-3 UC KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
RSD-34 UC KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x
V. doaniana
GRN1 UC Davis V. rupestris x M. rotundifolia hybrid
GRN2 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x Riparia Gloire
GRN3 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x V. champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V.
monticola)
GRN4 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x V. champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V.
monticola)
GRN-5 UC Davis (V. champinii Ramsey x Riparia Gloire) x V. champinii
c9021 (probably V. candicans x V. berlandieri)
‘Autumn King’, Traver, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Salt Creek
(Ramsey)
Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
USDA 10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsonii x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V.
rupestris) x V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)) x V. doaniana
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Scarlet Royal’ USDA,
Fresno
V. vinifera
Freedom USDA,
Fresno
V champinii x 1613C
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
Kober 5BB Austria V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris)x(V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
USDA 10-23B USDA,
Fresno
V. doaniana
10-17A USDA,
Fresno
V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x
V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)) x V. doaniana
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
P K Ca Mg NO3-N
(total) (total) (total) (total)
Rootstock (%) (%) (%) (%) (ppm)
10-17A 0.106 cd 2.25 bc 2.13 ab 0.456 cde 987 cbd
1103 P 0.114 bcd 1.83 cd 1.73 ef 0.569 b 921 bcd
‘Crimson’ 0.122 bcd 2.12 bcd 1.81 de 0.51 bcd 738 cd
Freedom 0.124 bcd 2.83 a 1.89 cde 0.694 a 1724 a
GRN1 0.176 a 2.09 bcd 1.95 bcd 0.55 b 1644 a
GRN2 0.128 bcd 2.48 ab 2.19 a 0.41 e 1196 b
GRN3 0.152 ab 2.69 a 2.06 abc 0.52 bc 913 bcd
GRN4 0.110 bcd 2.71 a 2.07 abc 0.44 cde 1051 bc
Harmony 0.104 c 2.12 bcd 1.59 f 0.42 de 603 d
Own-rooted 0.138 abc 1.89 cd 1.82 de 0.53 bc 767 cd
RS3 0.138 abc 2.69 a 2.06 abc 0.564 b 850 bcd
RSD34 0.0875 d 2.10 bcd 2.07 abc 0.512 bc 617 d
Salt Creek 0.124 bcd 2.02 cd 1.78 de 0.41 e 1055 bc
Teleki 5C 0.116 bcd 1.83 cd 1.92 cde 0.45 cde 596 d
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
B Zn Mn Fe Cu Na Cl
(total) (total) (total) (total) (total) (total) (IC)
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%)
10-17A 86.4 ab 25.6 cde 96 bc 89 8.2 a 0.02 f 0.30 a
1103 P 80.0 b 24.2 cdef 136 ab 86 5.6 defg 0.02 f 0.10 d
‘Crimson’ 79.8 b 35.2 a 157 a 84 6.8 bc 0.11 a 0.35 a
Freedom 87.2 ab 23.8 cdef 123 abc 75 4.4 hi 0.08 b 0.20 b
GRN1 78.6 b 30.6 abcd 159 a 57 5.8 def 0.04 d 0.10 d
GRN2 92.0 ab 19.2 ef 125 abc 85 5.4 defg 0.03 de 0.20 b
GRN3 83.4 ab 26.0 bcde 104 bc 80 5.6 defg 0.02 ef 0.12 cd
GRN4 90.8 ab 16.6 f 130 abc 63 4.2 i 0.02 ef 0.12 cd
Harmony 86.8 ab 31.0 abc 100 bc 92 4.8 ghi 0.05 c 0.12 cd
Own-rooted 98.2 a 33.4 ab 166 a 80 7.0 b 0.08 b 0.30 a
RS3 89.4 ab 24.4 cdef 123 abc 61 6.0 cde 0.06 c 0.10 d
RSD34 80.0 b 22.7 def 104 bc 76 5.2 defgh 0.08 b 0.18 bc
Salt Creek 89.6 ab 31.2 abc 84 c 81 6.2 bcd 0.02 ef 0.10 d
Teleki 5C 99.2 a 23.2 cdef 128 abc 89 5.0 fgh 0.03 def 0.10 d
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
Berry weight Brix pH TA
Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml)
10-17A 6.0 abcd 15.3 e 3.90 cd 0.293 bcd
1103 P 6.6 ab 16.9 bcd 3.94 c 0.307 abc
‘Crimson’ 5.6 cde 16.4 d 3.91 cd 0.290 bcd
Freedom 5.6 cde 16.7 bcd 4.01 ab 0.296 bcd
GRN1 5.4 de 16.4 d 3.93 c 0.308 abc
GRN2 5.9 abcde 16.5 cd 3.96 abc 0.330 a
GRN3 6.3 abc 16.7 bcd 3.96 abc 0.290 bcd
GRN4 6.1 abcd 16.9 bcd 3.95 bc 0.299 bcd
Harmony 5.8 bcde 17.5 abc 4.02 a 0.274 d
Own-rooted 5.1 e 16.6 cd 3.84 d 0.289 bcd
RS3 5.9 abcde 16.9 bcd 3.96 abc 0.308 abc
RSD34 5.4 de 18.1 a 3.93 c 0.283 cd
Salt Creek 6.8 a 16.4 d 3.95 bc 0.283 cd
Teleki 5C 5.5 cde 17.6 ab 3.95 bc 0.311 ab
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
First
harvest
Packed
wt/vine
Cull
wt/vine
Second
harvest
Packed
wt/vine
Cull
wt/vine
Total harvest Cull
wt/vine
Cultivar (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
10-17A 23.06 abc 7.85 ab 9.5 3.8 32.6 abcde 11.7
1103 P 31.24 a 4.2 b 16.1 6.6 47.3 a 10.8
‘Crimson’ 27.47 ab 5.5 b 8.0 2.6 35.4 abcd 8.1
Freedom 24.18 abc 7.1 b 7.0 2.4 31.2 bcde 9.5
GRN1 12.19 bc 5.9 b 8.8 3.9 21.0 de 9.8
GRN2 14.99 bc 4.6 b 7.5 3.4 22.5 cde 7.9
GRN3 31.58 a 7.8 ab 12.9 4.5 44.1 ab 11.5
GRN4 23.88 abc 6.2 b 7.4 3.6 31.3 bcde 9.8
Harmony 23.72 abc 7.5 ab 6.3 3.2 30.0 bcde 10.8
Own-rooted 9.71 c 2.6 b 8.0 2.9 17.7 e 5.5
RS3 18.95 abc 5.3 b 16.4 6.6 37.5 abc 12.5
RSD34 14.17 bc 7.5 ab 2.6 0.9 16.8 e 12.5
Salt Creek 34.27 a 12.5 a 8.9 2.9 43.1 ab 8.3
Teleki 5C 19.72 abc 4.6 b 12.3 3.4 30.9 bcde 8.2
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
N
(total) P (total)
K
(total)
S
(total)
Ca
(total)
Mg
(total)
NO3-N
(total)
Cultivar (%) (%) (%) (ppm) (%) (%) (ppm)
RS-3 0.86 bc 0.293 bcd 3.24 bc 1393 c 1.62 e 0.605 a 228 cd
RS-9 0.85 bc 0.291 bcd 2.81 d 2144 a 1.77 d 0.584 a 186 cd
Freedom 0.90 b 0.282 bcd 3.70 a 1249 c 2.09 c 0.584 a 503 a
Own Root 0.85 bc 0.289 bcd 3.51 ab 1356 c 1.87 d 0.418 b 226 cd
Teleki 5C 0.77 c 0.347 b 3.16 bcd 1339 c 2.30 b 0.387 b 96 d
Kober 5BB 0.89 b 0.407 a 3.43 ab 1356 c 2.36 b 0.436 b 312 bc
10-17A 0.80 bc 0.244 d 3.01 cd 2077 a 2.65 a 0.431 b 125 d
1103-P 0.81 bc 0.435 a 3.27 bc 1311 c 2.28 b 0.611 a 229 cd
10-23B 0.88 b 0.251 cd 3.31 bc 1668 b 2.24 b 0.319 c 295 c
RSD-34 1.11 a 0.313 bc 3.18 bcd 1727 b 1.49 e 0.409 b 447 ab
Significance <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
B
(total)
Zn
(total)
Mn
(total)
Fe
(total)
Cu
(total)
Na
(total)
Cl
(IC)
Pruning
weight/vine
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg)
RS-3 36.7 d 33.7 b 39.0 c 31.9 7.9 c 288 b 0.26 c 2.93 c
RS-9 45.2 a 33.5 b 25.9 d 32.6 7.6 c 133 c 0.12 d 3.53 bc
Freedom 46.3 a 24.8 de 49.2 bc 30.2 6.0 g 137 c 0.30 c 4.84 a
Own Root 38.0 cd 38.3 a 45.2 bc 31.2 8.7 b 1245 a 0.80 a 4.00 abc
Teleki 5C 41.8 b 26.4 d 38.3 c 31.1 6.2 fg 109 c 0.07 d 3.65 bc
Kober 5BB 39.5 bc 33.5 b 62.8 a 32.4 6.8 def 113 c 0.08 d 4.16 ab
10-17A 40.8 b 27.6 cd 23.3 d 29.3 9.4 a 120 c 0.48 b 3.42 bc
1103-P 47.0 a 30.7 bc 65.0 a 33.1 7.5 cd 135 c 0.07 d 3.68 bc
10-23B 39.8 bc 14.4 f 46.4 bc 32.0 6.7ef 166 c 0.03 d 3.21 bc
RSD-34 37.6 cd 22.5 e 52.5 b 31.2 7.4 cde 128 c 0.09 d 3.45 bc
Significance <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.12 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, 2012
First harvest
cull wt/vine
First harvest
packed wt/vine
Second harvest
cull wt/vine
Second harvest
packed wt/vine Total cull wt
Total packed
wt
Cultivar (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
RS-3 1.41 13.04 ab 10.87 ab 15.73 12.28 54.86
RS-9 1.59 12.99 ab 6.12 b 13.25 7.71 52.21
Freedom 1.77 21.01 a 5.16 b 12.19 6.93 75.23
Own Root 2.57 17.65 ab 5.14 b 14.78 7.71 67.74
Teleki 5C 2.15 23.70 a 5.91 b 10.30 8.06 81.40
Kober 5BB 2.26 16.25 ab 8.94 ab 9.66 11.20 58.41
10-17A 1.61 14.87 ab 5.92 b 12.81 7.53 57.43
1103-P 2.48 23.82 a 4.75 b 10.29 7.23 81.76
10-23B 2.40 22.29 a 7.21 b 16.44 9.61 83.30
RSD-34 1.37 9.82 b 13.19 a 20.33 14.56 49.79
Significance 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.50 0.08 0.07
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
Berry weight Brix Berry length Berry width pH TA
Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml) (cm) (cm)
Teleki 5C 9.2 abc 16.3 abc 3.34 bc 0.974 abc 3.1 2.2
Kober 5BB 9.6 a 15.6 c 3.34 bc 1.01 ab 3.2 2.3
1103-P 9.7 a 16.2 abc 3.35 abc 0.970 abc 3.1 2.3
Freedom 9.4 ab 16.6 a 3.36 ab 0.960 abcd 3.1 2.3
RS-3 9.6 a 15.7 bc 3.33 bc 0.943 abcd 3.1 2.3
RS-9 9.5 a 15.9 abc 3.34 bc 0.911 bcd 3.1 2.3
RSD-34 8.3 d 15.5 c 3.31 c 1.03 a 3.1 2.3
10-23B 8.7 cd 16.4 ab 3.39 a 0.866 d 3 2.2
10-17A 8.9 bcd 16.0 abc 3.39 a 0.870 cd 3.1 2.2
Own Root 9.5 a 15.8 abc 3.36 ab 0.981 ab 3.1 2.3
Significance <0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.4 0.5
General Preliminary Test Results
• Rootstocks strongly influence petiole mineral nutrient content
• Freedom usually increases N
• RS-3, Freedom, GRN-4 increase K
• Own-rooted vines increase Zn
• Most stocks except 10-17A (which has V. vinifera parentage) decrease Cl & Na compared to own-root
General Preliminary Test Results
• Low pest pressure so far
• Inconsistent effects on yield and fruit quality; effects might increase as pest pressure increases
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