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New Information New Information Technology and Civil Technology and Civil SocietySociety
Yanuar Nugroho, Ph.DYanuar Nugroho, Ph.D
Research AssociateResearch Associate
Suite 8.07 Harold Hankins BuildingSuite 8.07 Harold Hankins Building
yanuar.nugroho@manchester.ac.ukyanuar.nugroho@manchester.ac.uk
KEIS 7 KEIS 7
StructStructureure
30+ minutes presentation ….30+ minutes presentation ….
… … but …but …a LOT of stories from the field a LOT of stories from the field questions/clarifications at ANY time questions/clarifications at ANY time
during presentationduring presentation(hopefully) some reflections (hopefully) some reflections
(substantial/theoretical) at the end(substantial/theoretical) at the endMaterial and reading list available Material and reading list available
http://audentis.wordpress.com http://audentis.wordpress.com ‘Teach’‘Teach’
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
What is Civil What is Civil society?society?
The search for ‘polis’ The search for ‘polis’ ((AristotleAristotle)) One of the cornerstones of vibrant societal sphere, One of the cornerstones of vibrant societal sphere,
providing voices for the disenfranchised and providing voices for the disenfranchised and creating centres of influence outside the state and creating centres of influence outside the state and the economy the economy ((Anheier et al., 2002; Anheier et al., 2001; Anheier et al., 2002; Anheier et al., 2001; Deakin, 2001; Keane, 1998Deakin, 2001; Keane, 1998). ).
A sphere of ideas, values, institutions, A sphere of ideas, values, institutions, organisations, networks, and individuals located organisations, networks, and individuals located between the family, the state, and the market between the family, the state, and the market ((CCS-CCS-LSE, 2006LSE, 2006))
Global, network CS: CS that it is operating beyond Global, network CS: CS that it is operating beyond the confines of national societies, polities, and the confines of national societies, polities, and economies. Not just CS that spills over borders and economies. Not just CS that spills over borders and offers transnational opportunity for debates, but offers transnational opportunity for debates, but influences framework of global governance influences framework of global governance ((Anheier Anheier et al., 2001a:11; Kaldor et al., 2004:2et al., 2001a:11; Kaldor et al., 2004:2).).
Civil Society Civil Society OrganisationsOrganisations
CSOs : the entity of the sphere of social life which CSOs : the entity of the sphere of social life which organises itself autonomously –not established organises itself autonomously –not established and/or directly controlled by the state (and/or directly controlled by the state (Deakin, Deakin, 2001:4-82001:4-8). ).
CSOs: the autonomous, democratic civil society CSOs: the autonomous, democratic civil society entity, as expressed in organisations independent of entity, as expressed in organisations independent of the state and of corporate structure. the state and of corporate structure.
Gramsci (Gramsci (19711971): ): CS is not only the sphere where CS is not only the sphere where existing social order is grounded but also where new existing social order is grounded but also where new social order can be founded social order can be founded a dialectic a dialectic relationship: (1) the ideological agencies that are relationship: (1) the ideological agencies that are sustained by the state’s coercive apparatus that sustained by the state’s coercive apparatus that shape morals and culture; (2) CS has autonomy, shape morals and culture; (2) CS has autonomy, more fundamental than the state, and hence is the more fundamental than the state, and hence is the basis upon which a state can be founded. CS is both basis upon which a state can be founded. CS is both shaping and being shaped –an agent of stabilisation, shaping and being shaped –an agent of stabilisation, reproduction, and transformationreproduction, and transformation
Civil Society Civil Society StudiesStudies
Yet, despite being prominent, theory and Yet, despite being prominent, theory and conceptualisation of civil society (and CSO) conceptualisation of civil society (and CSO) has been in constant debate and contestation has been in constant debate and contestation and probably not been academically mature and probably not been academically mature ((Anheier et al., 2001b; Kaldor et al., 2004Anheier et al., 2001b; Kaldor et al., 2004). ).
But “debating the meaning of the term But “debating the meaning of the term contributes to an open and self-reflexive civil contributes to an open and self-reflexive civil society in the end” (society in the end” (Kaldor, et al., 2004:2Kaldor, et al., 2004:2). ).
Since the 1990's interests in civil society Since the 1990's interests in civil society studies have increased rapidly studies have increased rapidly General-theoretical (General-theoretical (like Anheier, 2003; Edwards, 2004; like Anheier, 2003; Edwards, 2004;
Hajnal, 2002; Hall, 1995; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 1998; Hajnal, 2002; Hall, 1995; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 1998; Wainwright, 2005Wainwright, 2005) )
Specific-empirical (Specific-empirical (such as, Anheier et al., 2002; Blumer, such as, Anheier et al., 2002; Blumer, 1951; Edwards and Hulme, 1992; 1997; Hajnal, 20021951; Edwards and Hulme, 1992; 1997; Hajnal, 2002). ).
CSO, or NGO? A CSO, or NGO? A clarification clarification
Many use both terms interchangeably and put little Many use both terms interchangeably and put little attention on their difference and analyse them as a attention on their difference and analyse them as a single entity. Yet, it may be an analytical mistake, single entity. Yet, it may be an analytical mistake, since, since,
Civil society constitutes a vast array of associations, Civil society constitutes a vast array of associations, including trade unions, professional associations, religious including trade unions, professional associations, religious groups, cultural and sports groups and traditional groups, cultural and sports groups and traditional associations, many of which are informal organizations that associations, many of which are informal organizations that are not registered. Nonetheless, despite the huge variety of are not registered. Nonetheless, despite the huge variety of different types of organisations that are found in the different types of organisations that are found in the developing world, most of the funding from international developing world, most of the funding from international sources for service provision is channelled through non-sources for service provision is channelled through non-governmental organisations. The NGO sector in most governmental organisations. The NGO sector in most developing countries is formally organised and often subject developing countries is formally organised and often subject to certain government regulations, and has developed to certain government regulations, and has developed considerable capacity and experience in the delivery of considerable capacity and experience in the delivery of development projects. For this reason, although it is development projects. For this reason, although it is important to keep the terms CSO and NGO analytically important to keep the terms CSO and NGO analytically distinct, in practice the majority of CSOs involved in service distinct, in practice the majority of CSOs involved in service provision are NGOs (provision are NGOs (Clayton, 2000:1-2Clayton, 2000:1-2))
‘‘Advocacy ’ Advocacy ’ CSOsCSOs
The most important agents in state-society relations The most important agents in state-society relations are ‘social forces’ instead of social classes (are ‘social forces’ instead of social classes (e.g. Migdal, e.g. Migdal, 19941994). ). Various social forces (regardless class status) try to impose Various social forces (regardless class status) try to impose
themselves on the political arena, prescribe others their goals themselves on the political arena, prescribe others their goals and respond to existing problem and respond to existing problem The relation between state The relation between state and society can be understood as a continuous struggle for and society can be understood as a continuous struggle for social control and domination involving different groups and social control and domination involving different groups and organisations. organisations.
This explains not only the social and political context of CSOs This explains not only the social and political context of CSOs operation, but also the formation of social movement and the operation, but also the formation of social movement and the dynamics of civil society itself. dynamics of civil society itself.
CSOs activism in promoting civic engagement, CSOs activism in promoting civic engagement, particularly at grassroots level, is inevitably political particularly at grassroots level, is inevitably political and transforming. and transforming.
This area –democratisation, grassroots politics, and This area –democratisation, grassroots politics, and mobilisation– is one main area of CS activisms and mobilisation– is one main area of CS activisms and CSOs are labelled as ‘political’ or ‘advocacy’ or ‘social CSOs are labelled as ‘political’ or ‘advocacy’ or ‘social movement CSO’.movement CSO’.
‘‘Development’ Development’ CSOsCSOs
Another area: development, particularly Another area: development, particularly orientated toward poverty reduction. orientated toward poverty reduction.
The success contribution of CSOs in reducing The success contribution of CSOs in reducing poverty is due mainly to their ‘rootedness’ poverty is due mainly to their ‘rootedness’ (closeness) to the poor communities and to their (closeness) to the poor communities and to their effort to cooperate with them (effort to cooperate with them (Barlow and Beeh, Barlow and Beeh, 19951995). ). Among many examples, CSOs not only assist the poor in Among many examples, CSOs not only assist the poor in
rural area, but also help in empowerment through rural area, but also help in empowerment through education and training, resettlement and transmigration education and training, resettlement and transmigration and family health and other welfare matters. and family health and other welfare matters.
In contemporary issues and concerns, some progressive In contemporary issues and concerns, some progressive CSOs also pursue women’s affairs, environment, human CSOs also pursue women’s affairs, environment, human rights, and transfer technology to village communities. rights, and transfer technology to village communities.
CSOs working this area are often generally CSOs working this area are often generally categorised as ‘development CSOs’. categorised as ‘development CSOs’.
Advocacy Advocacy vis-à-visvis-à-vis DevelopmentDevelopment
Adopted and modified from Fakih (1996), Eldridge (1995) and Hope and Timmel (1988)
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Role of the new ICTs Role of the new ICTs in CSin CS
The emergence of information technology, The emergence of information technology, particularly the Internet, has given new particularly the Internet, has given new impetus for the birth, or more precisely the impetus for the birth, or more precisely the reinvention, of networked civil society (reinvention, of networked civil society (Hajnal, Hajnal, 20022002). ).
That is, a networked of organisations, groups, and That is, a networked of organisations, groups, and movement within civil society aiming at mainly movement within civil society aiming at mainly widening participation in political decision making for widening participation in political decision making for ‘civic agendas’ such as development, protection of ‘civic agendas’ such as development, protection of environment, defence of human rights, among many environment, defence of human rights, among many others. others.
There is a virtuous relationship between There is a virtuous relationship between (global) civil society, civic agenda, and (global) civil society, civic agenda, and network society.network society.
(Global )Civil
Society
Network Society
Civic Agenda
Role of the new ICTs Role of the new ICTs in CSin CS
It is through the facilitation in communication and It is through the facilitation in communication and participation via Internet technology that a network participation via Internet technology that a network society is formed and thus strengthens global civil society is formed and thus strengthens global civil society (society (Warkentin, 2001Warkentin, 2001))
Because the Internet’s inherent characteristics and Because the Internet’s inherent characteristics and transnational reach parallel (or correspond to) those of global transnational reach parallel (or correspond to) those of global civil society, the medium serves as both a logical and an civil society, the medium serves as both a logical and an effective tool for establishing and maintaining social effective tool for establishing and maintaining social connections that can contribute to global civil society… By connections that can contribute to global civil society… By increasing the ease with which people can establish and increasing the ease with which people can establish and maintain relationships, share resources and information, and maintain relationships, share resources and information, and coordinate their activities, the Internet aids the process of coordinate their activities, the Internet aids the process of building and maintaining the social bases of global civil society. building and maintaining the social bases of global civil society. ((Warkentin, 2001:33Warkentin, 2001:33))
Information technology provides both opportunities Information technology provides both opportunities and constraints for actors participating in global civil and constraints for actors participating in global civil society – in some ways expanding and in other ways society – in some ways expanding and in other ways contracting available means for interacting (contracting available means for interacting (Warkentin, Warkentin, 20012001).).
Role of the new ICTs Role of the new ICTs in CSin CS
Democratic participation, can be facilitated Democratic participation, can be facilitated through multiple connections which ensure through multiple connections which ensure informed and interactive politics (informed and interactive politics (Sey and Castells, Sey and Castells, 2004: 3632004: 363). ). Historically, democracy meant having selected an élite of Historically, democracy meant having selected an élite of
political representatives in political discussions. Then, political representatives in political discussions. Then, having ‘direct’ democracy by involving the citizen in the having ‘direct’ democracy by involving the citizen in the decision making process became the ideal. With the help decision making process became the ideal. With the help of information technology this ideal has become possible of information technology this ideal has become possible today although still considered problematic (today although still considered problematic (Coleman, Coleman, 19991999). The rise of the network society characterised by the ). The rise of the network society characterised by the appropriation of information technology has provided a appropriation of information technology has provided a renewed support for this vision (Richard, 1999)renewed support for this vision (Richard, 1999)
But, “it is only under the conditions of an But, “it is only under the conditions of an autonomous citizenship and an open, autonomous citizenship and an open, participatory, formal political channel that the participatory, formal political channel that the Internet may innovate the practice of politics” Internet may innovate the practice of politics” ((Sey and Castells, 2004:370Sey and Castells, 2004:370). ).
Some ICT use in Some ICT use in CS/CSOsCS/CSOs
Despite problem of access (esp. in developing Despite problem of access (esp. in developing countries) the Internet also has the potential to be countries) the Internet also has the potential to be a ‘platform’ for organising strategic activities of CSOs a ‘platform’ for organising strategic activities of CSOs
((Surman and Reilly, 2003Surman and Reilly, 2003). ). building and strengthening the identity of CSOs in cyber-building and strengthening the identity of CSOs in cyber-
civic space for social reform (civic space for social reform (Lim, 2002; 2003a; 2003dLim, 2002; 2003a; 2003d) ) through coalition building (through coalition building (Diani, 2003; Rucht, 1989Diani, 2003; Rucht, 1989). ).
by creating networks of opposition (by creating networks of opposition (Sey and Castells, 2004Sey and Castells, 2004) ) which to some extent can be of important factor in leading which to some extent can be of important factor in leading to a creation of ‘insurgent space’ (to a creation of ‘insurgent space’ (Lim, 2002Lim, 2002). ).
establishing collaboration, publishing (campaign), establishing collaboration, publishing (campaign), mobilisation and observation (watchdog activities) mobilisation and observation (watchdog activities) ((Camacho, 2001; Lim, 2004a; Surman and Reilly, 2003Camacho, 2001; Lim, 2004a; Surman and Reilly, 2003). ).
Appropriation of ICT for social transformation Appropriation of ICT for social transformation would be optimum when it is addressed would be optimum when it is addressed strategically towards movement development and strategically towards movement development and organisational networks. organisational networks.
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Context of Context of investigationinvestigation
IndonesiaIndonesia Multi-methods Multi-methods
268 CSOs were 268 CSOs were surveyed, surveyed, 35 CSOs 35 CSOs were interviewed, were interviewed, 15 case 15 case studies/observatiostudies/observations, 3 workshops of ns, 3 workshops of 74 CSOs, 2 FG of 9 74 CSOs, 2 FG of 9 CSOsCSOs
(3.15%)
10+ yr (33.86%)
2-5 yr (20.87%)
5-8 yr (26.38%)
8-10 yr (12.6%)
Establishment
0-1 yr
(3.15%)1-2 yr
11-15 (14.05%)
16-20 (7.438%)
21-25 (1.24%)
6-10 (32.64%)
<5 (34.71%)
>25 (9.917%)
Fulltime staff
Annual turnover
100-500m, 31.43%
<100m, 30.95%
500m-1b, 15.24%
>2b, 10.48%1-2b, 11.9%
Bali, 1
Banten, 3
Bengkulu, 4
DI Yogyakarta, 24
DKI Jakarta, 52
Jambi, 3
Jawa Barat, 18
Jawa Tengah, 20
Jawa Timur, 27
Kalimantan Barat, 5
Kalimantan Selatan, 4
Kalimantan Tengah, 2
Lampung, 6
Maluku, 1
Nanggore Aceh Darussalam, 13
No response, 4
Nusa Tenggara Barat, 16
Nusa Tenggara Timur, 10
Papua , 10
Riau, 2
Sulawesi Selatan, 9
Sulawesi Tengah, 4
Sulawesi Tenggara, 6
Sulawesi Utara, 3
Sumatera Barat, 3
Sumatera Selatan, 2
Sumatera Utara, 16
Other, 98
Context of Context of investigationinvestigation
What is best describing the nature of your organisation?
162
110129
87
196
23
11590
21 25
0
50
100
150
200
250
ad
voca
cy
de
velo
pm
en
talis
t
thin
k ta
nk/
mo
bili
satio
n
form
al/
info
rma
l
cen
tra
lise
d
ne
two
rke
d
ha
vin
g r
elig
iou
s
oth
er
Nature
No
of
CS
Os
ori
en
ted
ori
en
ted
rese
arc
h-b
ase
d
ori
en
ted
offi
cia
lly r
eg
iste
red
affi
liatio
nWhat are the main issues/concerns of your organisation?
en
viro
nm
ent
glo
balis
atio
n
rura
l iss
ue
s
urb
an is
sues
de
velo
pm
ent
hu
ma
n r
ight
s
just
ice
& p
eace
de
mo
cra
tisa
tion
ge
nde
r is
sue
s
child
ren
& y
ou
th
po
vert
y
ed
uca
tion
dis
able
issu
es
lab
our
& tr
ade
un
ion
farm
ers
pro
fess
ion
al w
ork
ers
go
vern
an
ce
civi
l so
cie
ty
conf
lict r
eso
lutio
n
plu
ralis
m
ind
ige
no
us
gro
up
eco
soc
rig
hts
oth
er
Issues & Concerns
No
. of
CS
O
em
pow
erm
en
t
161147 146
135 133 132 129125 122
117
97 9586
78 7566
62 60 56 55
39
24 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
What are the main activities of your organisation?
152140
211
177
150139
100
36
0
50
100
150
200
250
research publication training capacity advocacy organising lobby other
Type of activities
No
. of
CS
O
building people(mobilisation)
Indonesian CSO (t)
Global CSO (t)
Indonesian CSO (t+1)
Global CSO (t+1)
(t) (t+1)
a(t) b(t) a(t+1) b(t+1)
time
c
d
Pattern of Internet Pattern of Internet adoptionadoption
Information
Technology
adoption
Length of adoption (years)
>10(leaders)
5-10(early
majority)
3-5 (late
majority)
<3 (lagga
rd)PC 21.64% 35.45% 24.25% 10.82%The
Internet 5.97% 28.73% 26.87% 19.03%
58
95
65
29
16
7772
51
0
1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
>10 5-10 3-5 <3
Nu
mb
er o
f u
sers
160
50
100
150
200
250
300
>10 >5 >3 >0
Length of adoption (years)
PC
The Internet
(cu
mm
ula
tive
)N
um
ber
of
use
rs
58
153
218216
165
93
247
Length of adoption (years)
EstimatedVariables
Late majority and
laggards
(75.56%)
Leaders and early majority (24.44%)
Period of Internet use
(years)<3; 3-5
5-10; >10
Age of the organisation
(years)
0-1; 1-2; 2-5; 5-8; 8-
10
>10
Number of staff (persons)
<5; 6-10; 11-
15
16-20; 21-25; >25
Annual turn over (IDR)
<100 million;
100-500
million
500 million - 1billion;
1-2 billion;
>2 billion
Pattern of Internet Pattern of Internet adoptionadoption
Laggards (13.54% )
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
and late maj ority
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(19.73% )
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
environment
globalisationrural
urban
developmenthuman rights
justice & peace
democratisation
youth
povertyeducation
disable
labourfarmer
professional worker
governance
civil society
conflict resolution
pluralism
indigenous rights
ecosoc rights
3-5 yr
5-10 yr
<3 yr
>10 yr
gender
Most of early maj ority
& children
empowerment
some early maj orityLeaders and
(66.74% )
Parameter estimation: Issues and concerns of each category
N=268; Latent Class Analysis. BIC(LL)=5407.792;NPar=94; L2=4214.830; df=127; p<0.0001; and Class.Err=2.6%.
Access: typical Access: typical problem?problem?
52.78%
25%
16.67%
2.78%
2.78% 1.30%
63.64%
28.57%
6.49%
3.92%
49.02%
15.69%
21.57%
7.84%1.96%
37.5%
50%
6.25%
6.25%
3-5 yr 5-10 yr<3 yr >10 yr
none dial up
broadband via telecentre
via other organisation other
Laggards Late majority Early majority Leaders
Spectrum of Spectrum of useuse
229 (85.45%)
163 (60.82%)
135 (50.37%)
109 (40.67%)
66 (24.63%)
62 (23.13%)
45 (16.79%)
30 (11.19%)
20 (7.46%)
19 (7.09%)
17 (6.34%)
1 (0.37%)
0 50 100 150 200 250
electronic mail
mailing list
world wide web
file transfer
chat
newsgroup
Internet forum
VoIP
web log (blog)
none (N/A)
other
No. of organisation
video/audiostreaming
Sequence of Sequence of adoptionadoption
Parameter estimation: application used by each category
N=268; Latent class analysis. BIC(LL)=2024.3602; NPar=90; L2=983.6697; df=131; p<0.0001 and Class.Err=4.35%
Laggards &
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Most early majority &
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Leaders &
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
chat
mailist
VoIP
WWW
file-transfernewsgroup
data streaming
forum blog
other
3-5 yr
5-10 yr
<3 yr
>10 yr
some late majority(34.4%)
some early majority(28.23%)
most late majority (37.37%)
Drivers for Drivers for adoptionadoption
why does your organisation use the internet?
6
48
73
83
93
117
135
145
169
186
198
206
209
other reason
competitive intensity
power-related reason
cultural reason
social reason
influence intensity
environmental reason
empowerment reason
intermediary reason
issue & concern intensity
networking intensity
perspective reason
co-operation intensity
ex
tern
al r
eas
on
inte
rna
l re
aso
n
16
48
79
144
166
173
176
182
197
217
0 50 100 150 200 250
other reason
top-down instruction
bottom-up initiative
technological reason
financial reason
visibility & identity
performance reason
capacity building
managerial reason
information intensity
no of organisation
Technological Technological SubstitutionSubstitution
In what way has your organisation benefited from its use of the
Internet?
Score
How the Internet is perceived as technological
substitution. As …
Building wider network with other organisation
1067
Apparatus for building network
More effective management of organisation (back-office & internal communication)
970Organisational management tool
Cost saving in general 852Advanced communication technology
Better publication/communication of idea with public/other organisation
850Publication media,Public relation tool
Collaborative project with other organisation(s)
765Advanced collaborative instrument
Fund-raising, including networking with donor
685 New way for fundraising
Campaign/Opinion building 574Means for campaigning and opinion building
Other 41
Barriers to Barriers to adoptionadoption
0.51%
0.53%
1.60%
1.04%
1.06%
4.42%
2.07%
3.05%
6.70%
3.16%
8.12%
15.89%
14.03%
21.21%
6.12%
6.35%
7.98%
8.81%
10.64%
8.29%
12.44%
11.68%
9.09%
13.16%
28.02%
22.43%
24.89%
23.38%
30.61%
33.33%
26.06%
22.80%
29.26%
21.55%
24.35%
33.50%
39.23%
33.68%
38.16%
34.11%
39.37%
30.30%
27.55%
28.04%
29.79%
32.64%
28.19%
30.94%
32.12%
26.40%
29.67%
27.89%
15.94%
19.16%
16.29%
17.75%
35.20%
31.75%
34.57%
34.72%
30.85%
34.81%
29.02%
25.38%
15.31%
22.11%
9.66%
8.41%
5.43%
7.36%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
internal policies
incompetent
lack of trust
lack of vision
organisational
external politics
lack of ambition
conservative culture
lack of time
shortermism
lack of expertise
lack of infrastructure
lack of resource
lack of money
very high high moderate low very low
management
and bureaucracies
structure
Negative Negative aspects?aspects?
10
17
28
31
32
70
73
102
148
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
other
issues and concerns
none
staff getting distracted
getting overw helmed
increase in expenditure
spam messages
increase in expenditure
computer virus
no. of organisations
(general)
(communication)
in maintaining netw ork
getting biased
no response17%
no financial resource14%
no infrastructure63%
no provider3%
no capacity3%
Reasons for not using the Internet
What negative aspects have you been experiencing in using the Internet in your CSO?
Impacts of Internet Impacts of Internet adoptionadoption
very positive (48.61%) positive (44.62%)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
the internal
the organisation's
Influence to theaims and activities
the organisationalperspective
the achievementgoals and missions
neutral (4.38%)
distracted (1.95%)
very distracted (1.95%)
global level (64.90%)
beyond regional (8.57%)
beyond national(17.55%)
beyond local (5.31%)
not widening(3.67%)
much more focused (32.80%) more focused (42.40%) remain the same(23.20%)
biased(1.60%)
major support (68.24%) minor support(19.22%)
neutral(12.16%)
minor decrease(0.39%)
very significant (47.97%) significant (39.84%)
can't determine (9.76%)insigificant (1.22%)
very insigificant(1.22%)
networks
management
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Instances of Instances of Internet useInternet use
Empowering beneficiaries, spreading global Empowering beneficiaries, spreading global awareness (YDA)awareness (YDA)
Helping channel help for the most vulnerable (JRS)Helping channel help for the most vulnerable (JRS) Networking advocacy (INFID)Networking advocacy (INFID) Research for civil society empowerment (AKATIGA)Research for civil society empowerment (AKATIGA) Shaping public views (e.g. on globalisation, as Shaping public views (e.g. on globalisation, as
with IGJ)with IGJ) Campaigning alternative (more sustainable) Campaigning alternative (more sustainable)
lifestyle (YPBB)lifestyle (YPBB) Campaigning for public policy change (ECOSOC)Campaigning for public policy change (ECOSOC) Mobilisation of direct action (case of Pornography Mobilisation of direct action (case of Pornography
bill)bill)
See more at http://audentis.wordpress.comSee more at http://audentis.wordpress.com
Strategic use of the Strategic use of the InternetInternet
CollaborationCollaboration: : platform for wider collaboration not only within platform for wider collaboration not only within organisations but also between organisations. Among strategic organisations but also between organisations. Among strategic collaboration work is collaboration work is networking networking and and coalition buildingcoalition building..
MobilisationMobilisation: : provide tools to help with mobilisation, including provide tools to help with mobilisation, including campaigns campaigns and urgent and urgent calls for action calls for action which can be which can be facilitated by simple-but-powerful tools like emails and mailing facilitated by simple-but-powerful tools like emails and mailing lists.lists.
Empowerment and developmentEmpowerment and development: : provide alternative provide alternative opinion and information; help spread awareness and invite real opinion and information; help spread awareness and invite real participation in various development programmes and agendas participation in various development programmes and agendas of improvement of livelihood.of improvement of livelihood.
Research and publicationResearch and publication: : data and information acquisition data and information acquisition as research input (information in), and for dissemination of as research input (information in), and for dissemination of publication as research output (information out).publication as research output (information out).
Advocacy and monitoringAdvocacy and monitoring: : effective tool in helping to shape effective tool in helping to shape public opinion which is crucial for successful advocacy work like public opinion which is crucial for successful advocacy work like rallies, protests, or lobbying; a convenient means for monitoring rallies, protests, or lobbying; a convenient means for monitoring development/watchdog activities in a certain field.development/watchdog activities in a certain field.
National network National network growthgrowth
SNA shows evidence how the national network of Indonesian CSOs expands and grows over time –i.e. in 4 (four) social transition period in Indonesia.
Label shows the CSOs that were interviewed. Note that they represent the ‘centre’, ‘periphery’ and ‘isolate’
International network International network growthgrowth
SNA shows evidence how the international network of Indonesian CSOs expands and grows over time – i.e. in 4 (four) social transition period in Indonesia.
This evidence challenges existing proposition about the role and involvement of international CSO during the transition period to democracy in Indonesia (e.g. Uhlin, 2000)
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Revision of adoption Revision of adoption stagesstages
Revision of adoption Revision of adoption stagesstages
Internet for civic Internet for civic engagementengagement
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Duality – not Duality – not dualismdualism
Lessons learned – Lessons learned – CSO levelCSO level
Issues and concerns characterise the diffusion of the Issues and concerns characterise the diffusion of the Internet in CSOs. Embedded values and interests of Internet in CSOs. Embedded values and interests of CS sector play a greater role in CSOs in the CS sector play a greater role in CSOs in the innovation process in organisations than implied by innovation process in organisations than implied by diffusion model (diffusion model (Rogers, 1995; 2003Rogers, 1995; 2003). ).
CSOs seem to adopt new ICTs within a culture of CSOs seem to adopt new ICTs within a culture of collaboration and co-operation with other CSOs collaboration and co-operation with other CSOs rather than a matter of competition rather than a matter of competition whether whether distinctive organisational cultures at least partially distinctive organisational cultures at least partially account for how perceived attributes of the Internet account for how perceived attributes of the Internet may affect its adoption in CSOs. may affect its adoption in CSOs.
CSOs do not perceive the Internet as a source of CSOs do not perceive the Internet as a source of competitive advantage (among their CSO peers) even competitive advantage (among their CSO peers) even though the technology offers capability to generate a though the technology offers capability to generate a high level of visibility for the organisation (for high level of visibility for the organisation (for example, by means of WWW). example, by means of WWW).
Lessons learned – Lessons learned – CSO levelCSO level
Use of the Internet to encourage political participation should Use of the Internet to encourage political participation should remain relevant. CSOs’ endeavour in shaping public remain relevant. CSOs’ endeavour in shaping public perception and opinion can be facilitated by CSOs being perception and opinion can be facilitated by CSOs being active users on the Net. active users on the Net.
It is argued that by becoming more active in the cyber-world –through It is argued that by becoming more active in the cyber-world –through creating an online persona (McCaughey and Ayers, 2003; Warkentin, creating an online persona (McCaughey and Ayers, 2003; Warkentin, 2001)—CSOs will engage in framing activities like online public opinion 2001)—CSOs will engage in framing activities like online public opinion building, especially in the era when online media is increasingly gaining building, especially in the era when online media is increasingly gaining popularity. By shaping the way issues are conceptualised and understood, popularity. By shaping the way issues are conceptualised and understood, CSOs can often affect public opinion building in important ways. CSOs can often affect public opinion building in important ways.
As the adoption and use of the Internet potentially enables As the adoption and use of the Internet potentially enables CSOs to play more important roles in society, the CSOs to play more important roles in society, the implementation of the technology has to become a more implementation of the technology has to become a more integral part of organisational strategy (integral part of organisational strategy (as suggested by, e.g. as suggested by, e.g. Galliers, 2004; 2007Galliers, 2004; 2007). ).
Lastly, while some areas for strategic use of the Internet in Lastly, while some areas for strategic use of the Internet in CSOs are mapped, CSOs strategically and politically facilitate CSOs are mapped, CSOs strategically and politically facilitate the creation and maintenance of civil society’s “foundational the creation and maintenance of civil society’s “foundational network of social relations” (network of social relations” (Warkentin, 2001Warkentin, 2001) in order to ) in order to create ‘another better world’ (create ‘another better world’ (Hajnal, 2002; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, Hajnal, 2002; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 19981998).).
Lessons learned – SM Lessons learned – SM levellevel
Since Internet use affects organisational identity (Since Internet use affects organisational identity (Castells, Castells, 19971997), CSOs need to manifest its institutional development ), CSOs need to manifest its institutional development and broaden attempts to play its role in society by re-and broaden attempts to play its role in society by re-aligning resources, re-defining organisation’s strategy, aligning resources, re-defining organisation’s strategy, tackling organisational issues (tackling organisational issues (as also suggested by Clegg as also suggested by Clegg and Dunkerley, 1977; McLaughlin et al., 1999; Scott, 2003and Dunkerley, 1977; McLaughlin et al., 1999; Scott, 2003). ).
It is also with this in mind that CSOs’ members need to share a It is also with this in mind that CSOs’ members need to share a collective identity and role, develop mutual respect and increase trust collective identity and role, develop mutual respect and increase trust among each other in order to maintain organisational cohesion. among each other in order to maintain organisational cohesion.
As the use of the Internet in CSOs becomes more extensive, As the use of the Internet in CSOs becomes more extensive, this can result in borders between organisations this can result in borders between organisations disappearing and sectors within civil society convergingdisappearing and sectors within civil society converging
CSOs certainly need to anticipate this development and possibly CSOs certainly need to anticipate this development and possibly prepare for new paradigms in their socio-political activism. Not only is prepare for new paradigms in their socio-political activism. Not only is the future changing, but the change itself can, and will, affect CSOs’ the future changing, but the change itself can, and will, affect CSOs’ undertakings – in which the use of the Internet will play a mediating undertakings – in which the use of the Internet will play a mediating role. role.
Lessons learned – SM Lessons learned – SM levellevel
Using the Internet to mobilise resources for action and Using the Internet to mobilise resources for action and pressures, the challenge is for CSOs to actually connect people pressures, the challenge is for CSOs to actually connect people and to exchange views across national boundaries on cross-and to exchange views across national boundaries on cross-cutting contemporary and global political, social and economic cutting contemporary and global political, social and economic issues. issues.
While the Internet has successfully facilitated ways of fostering reform and While the Internet has successfully facilitated ways of fostering reform and development agenda to the wider public, CSOs will need to remember that development agenda to the wider public, CSOs will need to remember that the essence of social movement is real engagement, not just information the essence of social movement is real engagement, not just information exchange (Juris, 2004). exchange (Juris, 2004).
For CSOs as a social movement, the most significant impact of For CSOs as a social movement, the most significant impact of Internet use might be its ability to interconnect organisations Internet use might be its ability to interconnect organisations and networks of organisations to advance joint actions. This and networks of organisations to advance joint actions. This means an obvious challenge for CSOs to use the Internet which means an obvious challenge for CSOs to use the Internet which serves as a platform for the development of alternative serves as a platform for the development of alternative discourses and strategies both in local and in global level, discourses and strategies both in local and in global level, because this is exactly how the use of the Internet can affect the because this is exactly how the use of the Internet can affect the roles of CSOs in reshaping the socio-political life of society. roles of CSOs in reshaping the socio-political life of society.
While Internet use can facilitate collective and collaborative work particularly While Internet use can facilitate collective and collaborative work particularly when CSOs endeavour to influence public policy making, CSOs need to build when CSOs endeavour to influence public policy making, CSOs need to build their own capacity in order to be able to strategically use the technology. their own capacity in order to be able to strategically use the technology.
AgendAgendaa
What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?
What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?
How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion
Transforming Transforming technology?technology?
As we saw, the transforming and unpredictable As we saw, the transforming and unpredictable character of technological innovation makes any character of technological innovation makes any manageable form of cost-benefit analysis impossible. manageable form of cost-benefit analysis impossible. Does this mean that we have no way by which to judge Does this mean that we have no way by which to judge it? No, because all such technology comes into it? No, because all such technology comes into existence and develops in a context, and that context existence and develops in a context, and that context as its broadest is the one to which reference has just as its broadest is the one to which reference has just been made –human nature and the human condition. It been made –human nature and the human condition. It is a context, however, which bears on our assessment is a context, however, which bears on our assessment of technology not by providing a medium in which of technology not by providing a medium in which costs and benefits may be compared, but by providing costs and benefits may be compared, but by providing us with the standard against which the ultimate value us with the standard against which the ultimate value of technology must be measured. of technology must be measured.
((Gordon Graham, Internet philosopher, 1999:169Gordon Graham, Internet philosopher, 1999:169))
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