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New Directions in Thought Science and Politics. Ch 14. New Directions. Not One Direction. I. Scientific Revolution. Was not a rapid change in science Made up mostly of a few key people Many misconceptions Reanalyzing old ideas and comparing to new observations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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New Directions in Thought
Science and PoliticsCh 14
New Directions Not One Direction
I. Scientific RevolutionWas not a rapid change in science
Made up mostly of a few key people Many misconceptionsReanalyzing old ideas and comparing to new observations
Predominantly occurred in Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France and Great BritainEvolved from use of reason to our modern scientific method
Hypothesis- Experiment- Conclusion- Analysis
I. Scientific RevolutionNicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
PolishOn the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Questioned Ptolemaic SystemGeocentric vs. Heliocentric
Kept the epicycles (small circles in addition to orbit)Did say that orbit around the sun took longer
for planets that are farther away.
Ptolemaic System Copernican System
I. Scientific RevolutionJohannes Kepler (1571-1630)
German AstronomerThe New AstronomyAssistant to Tycho Brahe
Flawed concept but very detailed observations
Kept large amounts of recordsUsed Brahe’s data to prove a heliocentric model
Removed circular orbits and epicyclesElliptical OrbitsMathematically basedLacked idea of gravity to explain orbits
I. Scientific RevolutionGalileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian Philosopher, Mathematician and AstronomerStarry Messengers Letters on SunspotsUsed the telescope to look at the sky rather than things on earth
Realized space was much more complexArgued heliocentric was the only option
Named Jupiter’s moons after the Medicis (his patrons)
I. Scientific RevolutionGalileo (continued)
Pope Urban VIIIAsked Galileo to give arguments for and against the Heliocentric system
Not to favor heliocentrismDialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Condemned Galileo of heresyResult of misinterpretations by Catholic Church
Resulted in being forced to renounce his teachingsPlaced under house arrest until he died (9 years)
I. Scientific RevolutionSir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
EnglandPhysicist, mathematician and astronomerThe Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Inertia applies to objects at rest and in motionMutual attraction/ gravity
Solidified heliocentrismReflecting telescopeTheory of color/ prismsEmpirical date- Must observe something before trying to explain it
I. Scientific RevolutionFrancis Bacon ((1561-1626)
EnglishLawyer, royal official and authorFather of Empiricism- experimentation in Science
Attacked scholasticism- truth already discovered and just needed to be re-discovered.
Break from tradition and produce useful results from new knowledge
Advancement of Learning, Novum OrganumSet the tone for learning
I. Scientific RevolutionRené Descartes (1596-1650)
French“I think, therefore I am”The Discourse on Method
Rejected scholasticismProve through mathematical principles
Divided world into 2 categoriesThinking thingsThings occupying spaceWanted science to focus on material
II. Political TheoryThomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Heavily influenced by English Civil War (1642-1651)Leviathan 1651
Argued for a strong central governmentAbsolute Government
State of Nature- everyone is entitled to everything
ChaosMan is evil and not socially inclined
Governments job is to take some rights/power from the people for their own protection
Persecution and corruption- It happens
II. Political TheoryJohn Locke (1632-1704)
EnglishCriticized Absolute Government1st and 2nd Treatise of Government
State of Nature- Freedom and EqualityUnregulated- Life, Liberty and PropertyPeople are reasonable and exhibit goodwillCompetition and readiness with small conflict
Government’s job is to preserve everyone's rights and resolve conflictGovernment rules by social contract/popular sovereignty
Government breaks contract- people overthrow government
Influenced American colonist
III. CultureAge of Enlightenment
Started in 1700’sInfluenced by changes in political theory and scientific methodsPushed to reform society and advance scienceBrought about political revolutions
American and French
III. CultureWomen
Not openly involved in Scientific RevolutionMore behind the scenes
Queen Christina of SwedenBrought Descartes to Sweden to run education
Wrote books under the names of their husbandsMostly women of noble birthMargaret Cavendish
Privately tutoredCriticized London’s Royal society for failing to solve problems with Scientific advancement
III. CultureWitch Hunts
Started for two possible reasonsBreaking of social norms by women
Most “witches” were single and usually over 40 (widowed)Midwives blamed for death of mother or child
Church expanding control of localsWomen and men who practiced “magic”- usually herbalist
Said to make pacts with the devil and practice anti-Christian practices
Sabbats or black sabbaths
III.CultureMidwives
Women who delivered babiesSome were trained by family membersSome were trained by medical staffWere eventually replaced by more experienced medical staff
Women were not allowed to train to be a doctor
III. CultureBaroque
Originated in RomeArt of the 1600-1700sMusic is very stylized
Vivaldi/”The Four Seasons”Art
Sharp contrast between light and darkGian Lorenzo Bernini
ArchitectureVery ornatePalace of Versailles
Ecstasy of St. Theresa
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