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Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors :. N ear and Far Future. (is there a clear path towards future ?). Luca Stanco – INFN Padova. Here is our START and END point :. the lepton mixing. W hy, how, which. In 1998 new history for neutrino begins (as a second life) : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 1
Neutrino Oscillationswith Beams and Reactors:
Neutrino Oscillationswith Beams and Reactors:
Luca Stanco – INFN Padova
Near and Far FutureNear and Far Future
(is there a clear path towards future ?)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 2
Here is our START and END point:
the lepton mixing
In 1998 new history for neutrino begins (as a second life) : - Neutrinos oscillate* (SK and afterwords SNO, K2K …): they own masses
Why, how, which
- Neutrinos mix themselves (CHOOZ and afterwords KamLAND …): MNS matrix
* 41 years after Pontecorvo idea on oscillations in 1957
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 3
CHOOZ looked for e ≈ oscillations
PLB 420 (1998) 397
Mainly after KamLAND…
re-interpretation
of Chooz result in terms of
oscillations of Mass eigenstates
Gauge
eigenstatesMass
eigenstates
Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata(1962)
Lepton mixing arranged (and quark mixing in 1963 by Cabibbo)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 4
Standard parametrization of Mixing matrix via 3 Euler rotations
Message: leptons and quarks mix in a similar way
1) Phase violates CP and 2) so phases 1,2 in Majorana picture3) Matrix unitarity if no sterile neutrino
BUT with 3 BIG questions :
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 5
≈≈≈Oscillations≈≈≈
SK, K2K/Minos, SNO, KamLand YES (they see oscillations)
Chooz NO (it did not see anything because S12 ≈ 0 and 13 too small)
“atmospheric” frequency
“solar” frequency
m122=7.5*10-5 eV2
m232=2.5*10-3 eV2
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 6
Searching of disappearance:
13 measurements from Reactors suffer from m23 correlations
Wonderful KamLAND 2008 Results
S. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 221803(2008)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 7
Lepton Mixing is weird
Masses Mixing
What does all that means ?
Is there any meaning at all ?
(more than those for cabalistes)
e.g. Quark-Lepton Complementarity:l
12+q12≈/4 and l
23+q23≈/4
UMNS=UbmU+KM (QLCl) or UMNS=U+
KM Ubm (QLC) Ubm stands for QL symmetry or GUT
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 8
However…. What is presently known of MNS matrix:
sin223=1.02±0.05tan23=0.47±0.6sin223 from fits (or <0.15@m2
23=2.5*10-3eV2, 90% C.L.)m3)2=2.4±0.13*10-3eV2
m3)2=7.59±0.21*10-5 eV2
e- triangle
Y.Farzan in 0710.4947 (ISS report)
Rather poor resolutions still…
Look at unitarities of Kobayashi-Maskawa !! (from PDG06)
Message: leptons mixing matrix poorly known …
and sin13=0.15
13<11.40
13=8.60
Katrin, Mare, Carlsberg…CUORE-GERDA, NEMO3, EXOSNO+,…Mass and Majorana/Dirac
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 9
Hierarchy
CP
13
Beta-BeamNeutrino Factory
SuperBeam:JPARC(T2HK)
Dusel
J-PARCDouble-Chooz Daya BayReno…
and theory where is it ? Waiting for LHC inputs…
…some kind of outline…
PHYSICS
EXPERIMENTS
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 10
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks by
★ We have known a lot about the properties of 3 known ’s, but we have not seen a convincing (quantitative and predictive) theory of -mass. ★ We need new theoretical guiding principles, so as to solve the uniqueness problem of model building.
energyfrontier
intensityfrontier
cosmic frontier
★ We hope that the LHC will tell us much more behind 3 known ’s (new particles; symmetries; …….)
Zhi-Zhong-Xingat ICHEP08:
Neutrino Theory
said in
another w
ords:
WE N
EED MORE EXPERIM
ENTAL INPUTS !!
!
thinking positive:
NEUTRINO MNS RESULTS COMPLEMENTARY TO LHC !!!
in new words:
Experimental QLC (Quark-Lepton Complementarity)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 11Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Eilat 2008 11
MINOS near future !!!
see later talk by Jeff de Jong
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 12
…and wait for appearance in OPERA !!!See later talk by Alessandra Pastore
12
1999 CNGS beam design
2000 OPERA proposal
CHOOZ: final
flavour not e ...
2000 DONUT
“sees” the in
the nuclear
emulsions provide an unambiguous
evidence for μ→ oscillation in
the region of atmospheric
neutrinos by looking for
appearance in a pure μ
beam
1998 SK atmospheric neutrino anomaly:
deficit of μ ( and not e) with
zenith angle dependence: OSCILLATION !!!
Much m
ore
inte
rest
ing
NOT
to se
e th
e ta
u’s
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 13
Imperative to measure 13 !
Example for 3 flavour Oscillation probability !
sin2(212)sin2(213)
m213
m212
Double-Chooz/Daya Bay
Kamland !
AND FORGET THEORISTS…
“recent fit ≈ 70
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 14
Move “
realit
y”
2 d
egre
es
forw
ard
…
212
223
22
223121313
323121313
223
213
2
sin2sincos
sincos2sin2sincossin2sin
sin2sin2sincossin2sin
sin2sin2sin)(
CP
CP
eP
NOvA
T2K
122
134222
132 2sincossin2sin)(1 eeP
)4/(312
ELm 23121
2 / mm with
Neutrino superbeams
Reactors
Beams: may be…
(almost) Near future. (almost) Assured.
13=7.10
13=5.10
13=4.20
13=4.50
13=3.00
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 15
GETTING to sin2213 < 0.01 with reactors
Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008
0.1
0.01
swapping/no-swapping ??
Statistics: - longer Data Taking - more powerful reactors - more massive detectorsSuppress cosmics BG: - go deeper undergroundSystematics: - more than 1 detector - near detector to reduce reactor flux uncertaintyCALIBRATION CALIBRATION CALIBRATION…
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 16
Next(near) generation experiments at Reactors
Double-Chooz Daya Bay
RENO, ANGRA... (when ?)
France
8.7 GW
2 detectors
at surface
Stat.err. 0.5%
Syst.err. 0.3%
Phase-I: >0.06
Phase-II: >0.03
From 2009…
China
11.6 GW
3 sites
underground
Stat.err. 0.2%
Syst.err. 0.38%
.. up to 0.18%
Phase-I: >0.03
Phase-II: >0.01
From 2010…
13>2.90
see next talk by David Jaffe
νννννννν
1051 m380 m
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 17
Comparison of Reactor Neutrino Experiments
Experiments Location
Thermal Power
(GW)
Distances
Near/Far
(m)
Depth
Near/Far
(mwe)
Target Mass
(tons)
Double-CHOOZ France 8.7 280/1050 60/300 10/10
RENO Korea 16.4 290/1380 120/450 15/15
Daya Bay China 11.6 360(500)/1985(1613)
260/910 402/80
Korea, 16.4 GW, 1 detector, Underground,
Stat.err. small, Syst.err. < 0.5%, sin2213 (phase-I: >0.03, phase-II: >0.015)
From ≈ 2010
Small collaboration, trying to enlarge it…
RENO
in KOREA
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 18
The first Super-Beam: off-axis T2K, from Tokai to SK
monitor (beam direction and intensity)
energy spectrum and intensity
Same spectrum as SK, BG measurement
Start
next
yearWONDERFUL
!
EXCITING !!
GREAT !!!
END OF THE STORY ?May be NOT,
may be (almost) YES
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 19
T2K project very well on schedule
Less than 2 years from now…
…just money…And CP measurement may be possible with E/L
T2HK/T2KK next generation projects
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 20
WHAT BE MISSING ?statistics….CPmore observations/datawith different interactions
SUPER-BEAMSJapanEuropeUSA
Traditional but achievable(tecnology and money)
BETA-BEAMS
Neutrino-Factories
Big effort studiesin Europe
Possible (might be on financial side)
Impossible ?
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 21
30kt liquid Scintillator detectorNUMI beam with 6.5 x 1020 pot/yrWith a new Proton Driver, 25 x 1020 pot/yr Superbeam !
810km
14mrad off-axis
e/e
appearancestart about 2013 ??
YES ! more than 13… mass hierarchy !
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 22
Very detailed studies, e.g. on systematics
M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08
13=5.00
13=2.90
13=0.90
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 23
Lepton CP Violation search
Lepton CP Violation luminosity13=5.00
Hard life but life
MegaTondetector
M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 24
INDIAN Neutrino Observatory
as a long baseline detector
Location of INOLocation of INO
Magic Baseline(for the golden channel e-:very low CP dependence,
some degeneracies vanish)
n*50Kton of Magnetized Iron with gRPCFunded (150 M$) only “in principle”…
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 25
MODULAr (under Gran Sasso): a dream among others…
• improve CNGS flux of some factors
• relatively simple target upgrade at CERN
• build a new off-axis laboratory under GS
• exploit actul reliable R&D of Liquid-Argon-TPC
tecnique to build n*5 Kton detectors
Few GeV beam for e searches
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 26
From Neutrino-08 conference,Neutrino Papers in 2006-2008
Perhaps too few experimental results…
What we need are:
data results
Data results
Data results
with little money
in a short time
Think tosmall
upgradesops… here is the usual idea…
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 27
SPS + LINAC4 + SPL + PS2
CERN upgrades of accelerators system
CERN DG on October 3rd, 2008
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 28
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 29
BETA-BEAMS: CERN can be a good place for
protontarget
Isotope (radioactive)
isotope* + e+ + e
Ion source Acceleration Storage e
Higher Q2 ions:C.Rubbia et al. NIM A568 (2006)
Main drawback: q/m << q/m… we mainly work with low-energy neutrinos (sub GeV if we use 18Ne, 6He and the SPS as terminal booster)
(P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 30
Thinking BIG…Too MUCH big ??
Too MUCH far away…
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 31
Campagne, Maltoni, Mezzetto, Schwetz, JHEP 0704 (2007) 3
From ()Super-Beams to SuperProtonLinac and Beta-Beam…..
my preferred solution:
WAIT ANDWATCH for 13…
and LHC results…
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 32
E.Gschwendtner et al., La Thuile 2007
TARGET limitations of CNGS
* In front of an achivable 2.4*1020 pot/year with LINAR4+SPL+PS2
*
REAL life
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008
33
43.4m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
2.7m
TBID
Air cooled graphite target magazine– 4 in situ spares– 2.7 interaction lengths– Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment
• TBID multiplicity detector• 2 horns (horn and reflector)
– Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, 0.3Hz, remote polarity change possible
• Decay pipe: – 1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum
• Hadron absorber: – Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
• 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
???? ?Is it possible to collect/collimatemuons companions of beam,as a sort of miniMUON factory ?
Upgrade CNGS with mMRD (mini Muon Ring Decay):
L. Stanco, S. Dusini, M. Mezzetto (Padova),working study in progress
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 34
Conclusions
• MNS elements: more measurements, better resolutions... • 13 driven measurement for NEAR future
BIG “question mark” to follow CP• side researches: absolutes masses, MAJORANA• Experimental QLC: Neutrino’s fairly complement to LHC
• Neutrinos mass and oscillations new history (many results in last 10 years but still far from settling them)
• Matrix of leptonic mixing clue issue
NEXT few years exciting (and unclear) !FAR future does not really exist out of …
present (almost funded) facilities (pessimistic/conservative view)
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 35
Backup Slides
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 36
unambiguous measurement of sin213
Osc.Prob (integr. over E) vs L
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 37
5 year onlyrun
for maximal atmospheric mixing
with m2≈2,5•10-3 eV2
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 38
Work in progress …
Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 39
Beta beam: P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002
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