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Nerve system1. Classification of NS 2. CNS Brain:
a) large hemispheres;b) cerebellum
3. Spinal cord4. Meningeas5. Blood-brain barrier6. Peripheral nerve system. Spinal ganglia7. Peripheral nerve8. Nerve endings9. Autonomic nerve system10. Simple reflex arc
Nervous system – special highly organized system (nervous tissue + connective)– intercommunicating network of neurons
CLASSIFICATION
• Anatomical (structural):
• central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord;
• peripheral (PNS) – endings, fibers, ganglia, plexuses.
• Functional:
• a) somatic (voluntary, animal);
• b) autonomic (involuntary, vegetative)
• FUNCTIONS• 1. Integration• 2. Control • 3. Regulation• 4. Reception• 5. Conduction • 6. Analysis • 7. Response
• NERVOUS SYSTEM ORIGIN• Ectoderm - nerve tube and ganglious lamella.
• Cranial portion of nerve tube – brain and sense organs• Middle part of nerve tube and ganglious lamella– spinal cord, dorsal-
root ganglia (spinal ganglia), autonomic ganglia and chromaffin tissue of human body.
• Nervous tube zones• Ependymal – precursors of glial ependymal cells• Mantial layer – neuroblasts (nerve cells) and spongyoblasts (astrocytes
and oligodendrocytes)• Marginal Zone – processes
BRAIN• Histologically:grey matter (nerve cells body) • white matter ( nerve fibers)
• Grey matter: cortex + subcortical nuclei
• MODUL – MFU of brain cortex • cilinder d 300 mkm around cortico-cortical fiber• NEUROPIL – aggregations of nerve and glial cells processes
in central nerve system
• Cytoarchitectonics - well regulated location of nervous cells (6 layers)
• Myeloarchitectonics - well regulated location of nervous fibers (4 layers)
Cytoarchitectonics
• Brain cortex has 6 layers• Pyramidal cells in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th layers
• 1. Molecular
• 2. Outer granular (10mkm)
• 3. Pyramidal (10-40mkm)
• 4. Inner granular
• 5. Ganglionic (120x80, Betz, 1874)
• 6. Multiform
MYELOARCHITECTONICS
• 1. Above the 1st layer• 2. Under the 1st layer• 3. Above the 5th layer• 4. Under the 5th layer
• TYPES OF NERVE FIBERS• Associative• Comissural• Projective
52 FIELDS OF BRODMANGRANULAR CORTEX –
sensory (2nd , 4th)AGRANULAR CORTEX –
motor (3rd,5th, 6)
CEREBELLUMFunctions: 1. Coordination 2. Movement 3. Balance 4. Muscle tonus
• Molecular layer: basket cells • large stellate cells• small stellate cells• Purkinje cells layer: Purkinje cells, supporting cells
(lophogliocytes)• Granular layer: corn cells• stellate cells (2types) horizontal cells• Afferent fibers:• Mosslike– from olives and pons to the corn cells (tr.
olivocerebellaris, tr. pontocerebellaris)• Climbing–from spinal cord and vestibular nuclei to the Purkinje
cells (tr. spinocerebellaris, tr. vestibulocerebellaris)• Efferent fibers: axons of Purkinje cells
CEREBELLUM
Spinal cord
MENINGES
MENINGES• 3 protective coats of CNS: dura, arachnoid and pia mater
• Skull bone• Periosteum of skull• epidural space• 1. DURA MATER – dense connective tissue• epithelium• subdural space• 2. ARACHNOID – flat epithelium• fibrocollagenous tissue• web-like strands• subarachnoid space• 3. PIA MATER – squamous epithelium• – loose connective tissue with blood vessels and nerve
fibers• Basement membrane• Glia limitans (astrocytes)• Nerve tissue
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
• Prevents diffusion of substances from the blood to the brain
• Capillary wall • 1. Endothelium• 2. Basement membrane
• 3. Glial sheath (foot processes of astrocytes)
Peripheral nerve
Peripheral nerve ultrastructure
AUTONOMIC NERVE SYSTEM• Anatomically: a) central • b) peripheral• Functionally: a) sympathetic
b) parasympathetic
• SYMPATHETIC NS• Centers: thoracic-lumbar disposition• Nuclei intemediolateralis of spinal cord – multipolar associative
radicular neurons• Sympathetic ganglia: paravertebral (trunci simpatici) and prevertebral
(3)
• PARASYMPATHETIC NS• Centers: cranio-sacral disposition• Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X pairs • Extramural and intramural ganglia (Dogel cells)
Autonomic nerve system
Autonomic ganglion
Reflex arc
SENSE ORGANSEAR
1. Taste buds
2. Audiovestibular analizator
3. Audiovestibular organ
4. External ear
5. Middle ear
6. Internal ear:
a) bony labyrinth;
b) membranous labyrinth
7. Hair cells
8. Audiovestibular organ histophysiology
ANALIZATOR sense organ + nerve + cortex (field)
Sense organs
Primary sensory
1. Eye2. Smell organ
Secondary sensory
EarTaste buds
Sensory endings (receptors)
1. Receptor of pain2. Paccinian body3. Bulb of Krause…
Organ of taste
neuroepithelial cells supporting cellsbasal cells
AUDIOVESTIBULAR ORGAN (EAR)
External ear
Middle ear
Internal ear
INTERNAL EARvestibule+3 semicircular canals
+cochlea
Otolithmembrane
Hair cells
Macula
Maculae
Organ of Corti
Cristae ampullaris
Cristae ampullaris
Tectorial membrane
Hair cells
Organ of Corti Crista ampullaris
Hair cellsCupula
Bony labyrinthMembranous labyrinth
Maculae
Crista ampullaris
Cochlea axial section
• Helicotrema
Cochlear duct
Scala vestibuliModiolus
Spiral ganglion
Cohlear nerve
Scala tympani
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
• Cochlear duct
Membranous labyrinth (scheme)
• Vestibular membrane• Basilar membrane• Stria vascularisScala vestibuli
Cochlear duct Spiral ligament
Stria vascularis
Basilarmembrane
Scala tympani
Vestibular membrane
Tectorial membraneSpiral limbusSpiral tunnelSpiral bony lamella
Cochlear nerve
Corti’s organHair cellsStria vascularis
Basilarmembrane
Pillar cells
Hensen cells
Outerphalangeal cells
Corti’s organ Outer cells: A. Supporting 1. Phalangeal (Deyters)
2. Border (Hensen) 3. Outer supporting (Claudius)
B. Hair cells (3-5)Tunnel (pillar cells)Inner cells A. Supporting 1. Phalangeal
2. Inner supporting B. Hair cells (1-2)
Outer border cells
Outersupporting cells
Betsharcells
Inner phalangeal cells
Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane Spiral tunnel Inner hair cells Inner border cells
Inner tunnel
Cochlear nerve
Inner and outer
pillar cellsOuter
phalangealcells
Outer hair cells Nerve fibers
Apical portion of outer phalangeal and hair cells
1
1. Stereocilia2. Cuticula3. Phalangeal processes4. Hair cells bodies
2
3
4
Phalangeal and hair cells (scheme)
Cuticularlamella
Stereocilia
Marginalnetwork
Afferentand efferentnerve fibers
Phalangealprocess
Outer hair cell
Outerphalangeal cell
Basilarmembrane
Hair cells stereocilia
Basal body
Stereocilia
Excitation
Apicaljunctions
Cuticular lamella
Microtubuli
Audiovestibular organ histophysiology
Semicircularcanals
Externalauditory tube
Tympanic membrane
Eustachian tubeCochlea
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Cochlear ductOval window
Ampulae Endolymphatic sac
Subarachnoidal space
Endolymphatic duct
Perilymphatic duct
Processsusmastoideus Stapes
UncusMaleus
Hearing histophysiology
Cochlear duct
Tectorial membrane
Organ of CortiRoundwindow
Basilarmembrane
Ovalwindow
Scala tympaniCochlear
nerve Spiralganglion
Vestibular membrane
Scala vestibuli
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