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Community Driven Decentralized Natural Resource
ManagementModern Problems: Traditional Solutions
Climate Change/ Water & Food Security
AN EXPERIENCE OF TARUN BHARAT SANGH
By:
Rajendra Singh,TBS
14th June 2011
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WATER
HARVESTING
SYSTEMS IN INDIA
THERE ARE VARIOUS
METHODS OF WATER HARVESTING
EXISTING IN INDIA.
THE MAIN COMMON PECULARITIES OF ALLSYSTEM ARE :
- USE OF LOCAL RESOURCES ANDTECHNOLOGY
- COMMUNITY BASED OPERATION
- COMMUNITY DRIVENDE-CENTRALISED WATER MANAGEMENT
- CONSERVATION AND DISCIPLINED USE OFNATURAL RESOURCES
Traditional
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..Since beginning
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...BEAUTIFUL& SUSTAINABLE
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Why THEY WENT OUT OF USE? INCREASE IN HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK POPULATION
WATER EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY
CHANGED PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT
STATE TAKEOVER OF COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS
CREATION OF DEPENDENCY SYNDROME
DISINTEGRATION OF COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS
PEOPLE LOST INITIATIVES AND CREATIVITY
NEGLECT OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS
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REVIVAL OF SYSTEMS
USING INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE
INTERVENTIONS UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS AND USE OF
INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE
MOBILISATION OF COMMUNITY AROUND LAND, WATER, AND FOREST
PARTICIPATION IN REJUVENATING OLD STRUCTURES AND
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW STRUCTURES
CREATION OF NEW VILLAGE LEVEL AND RIVER BASIN INSTITUTIONS
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1985
Degraded and barren land
in the catchment areas of Arvari river
& extended drought
had forced people to migrate
out of their villages.
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THE SITUATION IN
1985
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Maximum possible use was made of peoples
traditional technology and wisdom with the help and
advice from engineers if needed.
Minimum 30% of total cost was to
be contributed by community foreach project the rest was to
come from financial support
agencies through TBS
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WATER harvesting structures taking shape
Johads and dams are usually built on
small tributaries uphill and they directly
benefit the forests on the hill.
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Success of the first Johad inspired people to take up the building of more such structures the
connection between water and forests was made and this also
led to the revival of traditional rules.
In the past, forest ownership had been taken over by the Forest Department, leading to alienation of
the people and loss of traditions of conservation making it difficult to bring people together again.
BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER
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Types o f RWH s t ruc tures
ANICUTS are built on common land and dam the main reach of the rivulets. They aregenerally made of cement and stone or concrete. These structures have a very largeimpact on local groundwater tables.
BANDHS are similar to anicuts. They are made up of concrete in the middle, but the outeredges are of earth, and some are entirely made of earth. The main purpose of a bandh isrecharge.
JOHADS are small earthen dams shaped like a crescent moon. The main purposes ofjohads are for livestock drinking and bathing water.
TALABS are deep hole or pond-like structures that has high raised edges on 3 sides madeof earth. Monsoon water is collected in the talabs for village use and livestock drinking.
MEDHBANDHIS are constructed in cultivated fields. The lower sides of the fields areraised to retain runoff to increase soil moisture content and retaining moisture foragriculture.
TANKAS are underground structure for collecting rain water for human drinking purpose.
12
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Types o f RWH s t ruc tures
ANICUTS are built on common land and dam the main reach of the rivulets. They aregenerally made of cement and stone or concrete. These structures have a very largeimpact on local groundwater tables.
BANDHS are similar to anicuts. They are made up of concrete in the middle, but the outeredges are of earth, and some are entirely made of earth. The main purpose of a bandh isrecharge.
JOHADS are small earthen dams shaped like a crescent moon. The main purposes ofjohads are for livestock drinking and bathing water.
TALABS are deep hole or pond-like structures that has high raised edges on 3 sides madeof earth. Monsoon water is collected in the talabs for village use and livestock drinking.
MEDHBANDHIS are constructed in cultivated fields. The lower sides of the fields areraised to retain runoff to increase soil moisture content and retaining moisture foragriculture.
TANKAS are underground structure for collecting rain water for human drinking purpose.
13
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Agricultural farms near a Rainwater harvesting structure : ANICUT14
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15A Rainwater harvesting structure : BANDH
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A Rainwater harvesting structure : JOHAD16
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17A Rainwater harvesting structure : MEDHBANDHI
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Woman fetching water from a Rainwater harvesting structure : TANKA18
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Ideas into reality
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COMPLETED
STRUCTURES ON
Bhagani BASIN
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River Goes Dry:
Excess withdrawal of Groundwater
River is flowing:
-Increased Groundwater Recharge
-Less Groundwater Extraction
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BENEFITS
1. Sustainable & Reliable water availability for Human
beings and livestock
2. Increase in agriculture and milk production ensuring
food security
3. Restoration of ecology and bio-diversity in the area as an
adaptation to climate change
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Increasing investment on small water conservation works brings increasing economic returns.
An investment of Rs.100 per capita on Johad raises the economic production in the village by as much asRs.400 per capita per annum.
SMALL INPUTS : GREAT RETURNS
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The River Basin Organization
Water Demand side management
Rules are framed aboutissues of water conservation
and utilization, and forest
conservation.
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1. Framing of rules regarding direct irrigation from the Bhagani river and the wells.
2. Framing of rules regarding crops and cattle feed.
3. Rules to first fulfill local needs with crop production.
4. No sale of water and conservation of fishes in the river.
5. Restriction on the sale of land and the efforts to reduce the need to sell land.
6. Making the whole river area green, ban mining and restrict extended grazing by
nomadic grazers.
7. Restrictions on hunting of animals and illegal cutting of trees.
8. Revive traditional methods of water and forest conservation.9. Prevent over exploitation of water and promote water conservation work.
10. Establish an active system of the management of the river.
11. Define and redefine the role of the village communities.
11 ASPECTS OF The River Basin Org.
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BLUE brought GREEN
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BLUE brought PROSPERITY
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BLUE brought HAPPINESS
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RWHstructures built by TBSin Alwar district of Rajasthan
Catchment area
RWH structure
33
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Impact on recharge of groundwater
in TBS project area
Item Before 1990 After 1995 Change
Rainfall 100% 100% Nil
Natural Recharge 15% 15% Nil
Artificial Recharge nil 15% + 15%Evaporation andevapotranspirationfrom bare soil andplants
50% 60% + 10%
Runoff (monsoon
period)35% 10% - 25%
Runoff (non-monsoonperiod)
nil 20% +20%
There is a reduction in monsoon runoff by25% due to water being
arrested in the large number of RWHbuilt with TBS assistance. This
leads to greater recharge of ground water. Previously only15% water
was being recharged naturally. Now an additional15% is recharged
artificially. The total ground water recharged increases from previousR e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. R N A t h a v a l e , E m e r i t u s Sc i e n t i s t ,N a t i o n a l G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s i t u t e , H y d e r a b a d .34
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Relat ion between RWH and
ground-water table in TBS project area
Spearmans Rank Order Coefficient of Correlation (R) between the
storage capacity created (due to RWH) in m3/hectare and the rise in
ground water table is 77%.
The correlation might have been even higher, if it was not for the
differences of geology, terrain, and water abstraction rates which do
vary from village to village.
For all practical purposes, the high value of R shows that the
groundwater table rise is a direct impact of the water conservation
efforts taken by TBS.
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 3 6 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. GD A g a r w a l ,E m e r i t u s Pr o f e s s o r , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y , K a n p u r .35
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W A T E R f o r d r i n k i n gCASE STUDY- Village Buja
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y M r . R a n j a n Sa m a n t R a y , c u r r e n t l y w o r k i n g w i t h Wo r l d B a n k , I n d i a .
The water from wells is used for drinking purpose.
Increase in water level of wells ensures the reliable availability of water forinhabitants (even in drought years).
Increase in water level reduces the drudgery of women in fetching water.
Rejuvenation of dried wells increase the no. of water resources in the area.
36
No.Total depth of well
(in feet) 1988
Water level before
TBS intervention
(in feet)
Water After 1994
(in feet)Change
1 81 Dry completely 44.5 + 44.52 73 Dry completely 37 + 373 67 3 40.5 + 37.54 55.5 Dry completely 27 + 275 81 10 66 + 566 69 20 50 + 30
7 43 15 35 + 208 83 20 58 + 38
9 80.5 19 55 + 36
10 66.5 Dry completely 25 + 25
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37
Name of VillageBinak,Alwar
Main Occupation Animal Husbandry & Agriculture
Water Harvesting
StructureIMPACTS
Johad- 3
Anicut- 1
Med Bandhi- 3
Drinking Water
There was only one well earlier catering to the village which used to get dry soon after
rains.
After rain water harvesting, water table has risen by 5 feet. Drinking water is available
in well for 10 months for animals and human population or till water remains in
johad.
Soil ErosionSince the construction of Med Bandhis, the soil erosion has stopped. Rather fresh soil
is accumulated and soil moisture content has increased resulting in new crop
Agriculture
Earlier there used to be only rain fed crops. Now second crops are taken in some areas
due to increased soil moisture content.
Environment/ Migration
No. of trees in the village are gradually increasing. Before the construction of water
harvesting structure the villagers used to migrate after 4 months of rain. Now they
have work almost round the year and drinking water as well as fodder for the cattle
and hence stopped migrating in searchof jobs.
WATER for dr ink ingCASE STUDY- Village Binak
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0
v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r
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WATER for food
38
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Impact on i r r iga t ion
PARTICULARS
Area Irrigated (hectare)
Area irrigated1995
Area irrigated2000
Change
Project Villages 96.61 204.34 + 107.74
Control Villages 162.11 162.36 + 0.25
The impact of R WH done by the help of TB S is dramatic. The
increase in irrigated area in a TBS
-intervention villages is108
hectares against mere0.25hectare in control villages.
More Irrigated Land = More Crop = MoreProduction
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 5 4 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y M r . B h a r a t J h u n j h u n w a l a , a n e m i n e n t e c o n o m i s t o f I n d i a .39
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Decrease in waste land
Wasteland categoryArea in 1993
(ha)No. of RWHstructures
Area in 2001(ha)
Net changein area (ha)
% changein area
Barren land 7382 30 5261 - 2121 - 29
Degraded forest 38401 61 20129 - 18272 - 47
Land with or without scrub 10711 45 17390 + 6679 + 62
Ravinous land 1525 4 2075 + 550 + 36
Salt affected land 137 - 4530 + 4393 + 32
Total 58156 140 44855 - 13301 -23
A study of remote sensing data of the Ruparel basin for1993 and
2001 reports a positive impact on land use. This links a 23%reduction in the extent of wasteland to the construction of water
harvesting structures in the area.
40
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y
Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r
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41
Decrease in waste land
Micro-watershedNo.Area underwasteland
1993 (ha)
No. of RWHstructures
Area underwasteland
2001 (ha)
2C 5D 2A 337.5 21 NIL
2C 5D 3A 1057.5 55 NIL
2C 5D 3B 2912 48 2125
2C 5D 3C 80 NIL 559
2C 5D 3J - NIL 666
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S
s w o r k s i n 4 0
v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r
It is clear from table, the wasteland has been decreased in the area where
rain-water harvesting has been done while
the wasteland has increased where NO water harvesting has been done.
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42
Waste land in
Ruparel RiverBasin
Micro-watershed:
2C5D3a
In1993Total wasteland:1057.5ha
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y
o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s
u n d e r t o o k b y Dr.
K. N. J o s h i , I n s t . o f
De v e l o p m e n t
St u d i e s , J a i p u r
W
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43
Water Resource in
Ruparel River
Basin
Micro-watershed:
2C5D3a
After1993
55RWH
structures have
been built by TBSin the micro-
watershed:
2C5D3a
RWHmarked in
thePicture.
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y
o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s
u n d e r t o o k b y Dr.
K. N. J o s h i , I n s t . o f
De v e l o p m e n t
St u d i e s , J a i p u r
d U
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44
Land Use in
Ruparel River
Basin
Micro-watershed:
2C5D3a
In2001
Total wasteland:
Nil
Most part of theland has been
converted into
agricultural land or
seen as fallow land
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y
o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s
u n d e r t o o k b y Dr.
K. N. J o s h i , I n s t . o f
De v e l o p m e n t
St u d i e s , J a i p u r
.
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Peoples Percept ion on benef i ts of RWH
72% of the people testifies a rise in water table
62% said that incomes have gone up
57% said that the area under irrigation has increased
50% perceive an increase in cultivated area, crop production, grass
productivity, the number of trees in the vicinity of structures
27% perceive increase in milk yield
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S
s w o r k s i n 4 0
v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r 45
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W A T E R f o r p r o s p e r i t yCASE STUDY- Village Nimbi
INDICATORBEFORE TBSs intervention
BEFORE 1998AFTER TBSs intervention
AFTER 2001
Wheat production 5 quintal/beegha 8 quintal/beegha
Income by wheat prod. Rs 9,00,000/- Rs 14,40,000/-
Maize production 3 quintal/beegha 5 quintal/beegha
Income by maize prod. Rs 4,80,000/- Rs 8,00,000/-Income by Milk Production Rs 21,60,000/- Rs 14,40,000/-
Income by flower production nill Rs 3,96,000/-
Rent of land per year Rs 3000/- Rs 12,000/-
Total income of village of
village per yearRs 22,40,000/- Rs 59,96,000/-
Population of village 800 800
Per capita income per year Rs 2800/- Rs 7495/-
Due to the increased level of farming and related activities, employment generation has taken place.Laborers from other parts of the country are now hired to work in the fields.
This case study is mirror of the sustainable economic prosperity of many other hundreds of villages , inwhich TBS had built RWH structures with the active participation of local community, like wise ;Nimbi.
R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S
s w o r k s d o n e b y s t u d e n t s o f I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f R u r a l M a n a g a m e n t , A n a n d i n 2 0 0 2. 46
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47Enough water for irrigation from wells
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WATER for nature
48
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49Antelope drinking water from a RWHstructure built by TBSinSariska National
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Dark Zone to FLOW
The impact of 25 years of tireless effort has turned the Thanagazi block of
Alwar from dark zone to white zone.
River based RWH has led to the rejuvenation of dried seasonal rivulets in
the area. Now, these rivulets flow for almost 9 to 12 months of the year.
50
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The river had disappeared in 1940s,
and was revived in 1997 through the
efforts ofTarun Bharat Sangh
The magic of Bhaganiriver over 12 years
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52
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53
Catchment Area of
Rivulet Bhagani-Tildeh
Catchment area: 208sq. km
Total length of Rivulet: 49km
Total RWH
structures madeby TBSin the catchment: 120
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54
Catchment Area of
RivuletSarsa
Catchment area: 278.8sq. km
Total length of Rivulet: 44.34km
Total RWH
structures madeby TBSin the catchment: 267
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55
Catchment Area of
RivuletSarsa
Catchment area: 89sq. km
Total length of Rivulet: 20
km
Total RWHstructures made
by TBSin the catchment:
122
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Concept of f lowingAfter RWH structures were built by TBS, there is an additional recharge of
groundwater to the tune of 20 per cent.
Though the base flow to the stream or river remained the same, there is anadditional seepage (effluent seepage) of 17 per cent of rainfall to the river innon-monsoon months.
Seasonal run-off has come down from 35 per cent of the rainwater to only 10 percent. There has been an increase in soil moisture: an additional 5 per centof the rainwater is retained in the soil.
About 22 per cent of the run-off (excluding the 10 per cent seasonal run-off during the monsoon) is better regulated and spread out over the year.
This has been crucial in reviving the dried rivulets. If this run-off had not beenregulated, the river would not flow throughout the year. This shows howfragile the ecosystem is...
56R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S
s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y D
r.
R N A t h a v a l e , E m e r i t u s S
c i e n t i s t ,N a t i o n a l G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s i t u t e , H y d e r a b a d .
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Water Management
After conservation, the main issue surfaces up is the management of water. To
encounter this, TBS has made community-based river-basin organizationwhich works on the demand-side water management.
TWO MAIN POLICIES ARE:
Compensatory Agricultural Crop Pattern: Under this system, a farmer can
devote 25% of his land under water intensive crop but the rest of
landholding should be under less water intensive crops.
Another triumphant policy is to prevent the sale of agricultural land to
industries or big private companies interested in water based enterprises
such as brewery, soft-drinks, mineral-water etc.
57
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Adapta t ion to c l imate change
The climate change is affecting various aspects of the human lives and ecology.
Water resources is among the most vulnerable sectors to be affected by the
climate change. Change in rain-fall pattern is believed to exacerbate the
scenario.
The TBS experiences reveal that promotion of traditional water harvesting
structures through appropriate institutional mechanisms and financial
arrangements would be the best intervention or adaptive mechanism to
reduce the adverse impact of climate change on groundwater resources as
well as farm economy based livelihood.
58
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Reasons for Success
Traditional and simple water harvesting structures have been built requiring little capacity
building of village people.
Community has been involved in every stage of decision making.
TBS has ensured involvement of all sections of the population.
The dedicated local workers of TBS has ensured that the problems at community level get
sorted amicably.
Quick & visual demonstration effect of TBS' work in terms of availability of water for drinking
and agriculture.
Financial operations of TBS have been very transparent and clean.
In comparison with structures built under Government programmes, TBS has built better
quality structures at a significantly lower cost in much lesser time.
59
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USE OF INDIGENEOUS KNOWLEDGE IN TBS WORK
AWARENESS IN THE COMMUNITY
Awareness of various aspects of water management
Respect for culture, traditions and historical practices
Will to work together for communitys common interest
WORKING STRATEGY
Constitution of Village Councils Monthly meetings of all grown ups
Maximum possible use of traditional technology with advice from engineers if needed
All decisions including technical (siting, materials, design etc.) by Gram Sabha
All decisions by consensus, and not majority
Role of women in helping reach consensus
Min. 30% of total cost contribution by community rest from support agencies thru TBS
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Total responsibility assumed by the community
WATER ABSTRACTION AND USE MANAGEMENT
River Based Organzation
Responsible for planning & enforcing sustainable use of water, particularly in agriculture
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Future Way of Tarun Bharat Sangh
Key Issues to be addressed
Governance: Good water governance requires effective and accountable socio-political and
administrative systems adopting an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
approach with transparent and participatory processes that address ecological and human
needs.
Capacity Building: The need for capacity building, education and access to information forenhanced effectiveness in water management is unquestioned. These critical elements of the
water development process are often treated as an add-on to programs, with scant regard to
local capacity-building institutions, gender mainstreaming, cultural diversity and traditional
knowledge or to long-term commitment.
Participation: Now it has been realized that water is a multi-stakeholder issue. There is a need for a
closer examination of participation based on race, ethnicity, economic status, age, and religion
to ensure inclusiveness.
61
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Cont
Recommended actions for future
1. Institutionalize policy advocacy
Facilitate thinking outside the "water box" to mitigate Climate Change Impacts
Creating National Awareness and political support for water conservation
Review and revise national laws and policies to reflect the principles of the right
to water and sanitation
2. Strengthen water governance
Strengthen Local Action to Improve Water Governance
3. River basin management through IWRM approach
Promote IWRM approach to address adaptation to climate change.
Scale-up the rainwater harvesting systems.
Increase the number of river and lake basin and groundwater organizations,
their strength and capacity.
Build on existing local knowledge.
Integrate social and ecological sustainability.
62
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63
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.Thatis how
BLUE
broughtCHANGE
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info@tarunbharatsangh.orginfo@tarunbharatsangh.org
watermantbs@yahoo.comwatermantbs@yahoo.com
info@tarunbharatsangh.orginfo@tarunbharatsangh.org
watermantbs@yahoo.comwatermantbs@yahoo.com
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