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Native American Histories Native American Histories before Conquestbefore Conquest
o20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitantsbecome first American inhabitants
o14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America.South America.
oThese Paleo-Indians did not suffer from These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseasesmany communicative diseases
Routes of the First Routes of the First AmericansAmericans
The Environmental The Environmental Challenge:Challenge:
Food, Climate, and CultureFood, Climate, and Culture
oNative Americans enjoyed an abundant meat Native Americans enjoyed an abundant meat supplysupplyo Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the
extinction of several large speciesextinction of several large species
o Climatic warming probably played a much bigger Climatic warming probably played a much bigger rolerole
o5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolutiono Crops include maize, squash, and beans Crops include maize, squash, and beans
o Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities permanent villages or large cities
Early AmericansEarly AmericansoNomadic Asians Nomadic Asians
followed herd animals followed herd animals into the Americas.into the Americas.
oAmerican Peoples American Peoples experienced their own experienced their own Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution..
oPre-Columbian (before Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) CivilizationsColumbus) CivilizationsoGrew maize (corn)Grew maize (corn)
oDid not live in river Did not live in river valleysvalleys
oDeveloped complex Developed complex societiessocieties
UCLA.edu
How did the Ice Age effect the population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred?
North American-Native North American-Native AmericansAmericans
oNative Groups are Native Groups are DiverseDiverse
oMesoamericaMesoamerica: First : First (Mayan?) then Aztecs, (Mayan?) then Aztecs, IncasIncaso Large agricultureLarge agriculture, large , large
populationpopulation, cities, imperial , cities, imperial in nature, in nature, social social stratificationstratification, Pre-historic , Pre-historic (no writing) limited metal (no writing) limited metal technology, technology, polytheisticpolytheistic, , theocratic, imperialtheocratic, imperial
oAtlantic Coast:Atlantic Coast:o Hunter/Gatherer Hunter/Gatherer
o Small groups/limited Small groups/limited nomadic/some Agriculture, nomadic/some Agriculture, prehistoric, stone-age prehistoric, stone-age technologytechnology
Eastern Woodland Eastern Woodland CulturesCultures
oAtlantic Coast of North AmericaAtlantic Coast of North America
oNative Americans lived in smaller bandsNative Americans lived in smaller bands
oAgriculture supplemented by hunting and Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gatheringgathering
oLikely were the first natives encountered by Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlersEnglish settlers
Locations of Major Indian Groups Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600sand Culture Areas in the 1600s
American Indian American Indian Culture RegionsCulture Regions
American Indians American Indians are diverse!are diverse!
o When Europeans first arrived in America, they noticed that the Natives were very diverse
o Different cultures were developed by Native peoples, based on their environment
o Scholars group Native Americans who shared similar cultures into culture regions (or culture areas)
everything that everything that
makes up the way of makes up the way of
life of a peoplelife of a people
o Sheltero Toolso Languageo Clothingo Artso Religiono Government
CultureCulture
10 Culture 10 Culture RegionsRegions
1.Arctic2.Subarctic3.Northwest
Coast4.Plateau5.Great Basin
6. California 7. Southwest8. Great Plains9. Northeast10. Southeast
ArcticArcticPhysical Terrain
oLarge, treeless plains, called tundraoFrozen and snow-covered oWinters are long and severe oBlizzards
Natural ResourcesoLittle vegetation oDogs, used for hunting and hauling oSea mammals major food source (seals, sea lions, sea otters, walruses, and whales)oOther game (polar bears, musk oxen, mountain sheep, wolves, wolverines, foxes, rabbits squirrels, and waterfowl.
SubarcticSubarcticPhysical Terrain
oMostly interior (except Hudson Bay & Pacific coast)oThick pine forests oThousands of lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, and streams oLong winters with deep snow and thick iceoShort summers
Natural ResourcesoCaribouoLarge game (moose, deer, musk oxen, mountain sheep, bison)oSmall game (beaver, mink, otter, porcupine, rabbit, squirrel, and waterfowl)oSeeds, berries, bark
Northwest CoastNorthwest CoastPhysical Terrain
oNarrow coastal region oCool & damp climate with mild wet winters and cool summers oThick forestsoMany rivers oMountains oEvergreen forests
Natural ResourcesoLots of food source: seals, sea lions, and fish (salmon, halibut, herring, cod, and flounder)oHunted whalesoHunt deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat oThey learned to dry their meat and fish with smoke
PlateauPlateauPhysical TerrainoHigh plateau region, surrounded by desert & mountainsoRivers
Natural ResourcesoSmall gameoWild plants (berries & edible roots)oFish (Salmon)oLarge game in the mountains (elk, deer, mountain sheep, bear)
Great BasinGreat Basin
Natural ResourcesoSparse vegetationoVery little resourcesoSmall gameoForagers
Physical TerrainoVery dryoSurrounded by mountains, plateaus, & deserts
CaliforniaCaliforniaPhysical TerrainoMountain ranges & Pacific coastal regionsoForest & desertsoMild climate, with many warm daysoVaried rainfall
Natural ResourcesoAcorns from oak treesoWild plants (berries, nuts, seeds, roots)oFish, seafood, small game, birds, deer
SouthwestSouthwestPhysical Terrain
oMesas and canyons, Mountains, desertsoFew rains Natural ResourcesoEvergreens (mountains), cactusoSmall game (rabbits, birds, and rattlesnakes)
Great PlainsGreat PlainsPhysical Terrain
oLarge inland region oRolling, fertile tall-grass prairies oSummers are typically hot and dry, and winters are long and harsh.
Natural ResourcesoAmerican bison (buffalo)oFarmersoBerries
NortheastNortheastPhysical Terrain
oTemperate & humid climate oHundreds of rivers, creating rich soil for agriculture.oWidespread forests*** Sometimes the area is grouped with the Southeast culture area and referred to as the Eastern Woodlands. ***Natural Resourceso Animals (a variety of game, large
and small)o Fish, deer, rabbit, squirrel,
beaver, and various birds, such as turkey, partridge, duck, and goose; also hunted moose, elk, and bear
SoutheastSoutheastPhysical Terrain
oSemitropical oHumid and well-wateredoSaltwater marshes, grasses, rich soils, swamplands, rounded hills, high grass, and rolling mountains
Natural ResourcesoForests of pine treesoAnimals (deer, squirrel, birds, fish)
Cultural Negotiations Cultural Negotiations
oDiversity of language groups, ethnicitiesDiversity of language groups, ethnicities
oDefine place in society through kinshipDefine place in society through kinship
oCommunal, charismatic, sociopolitical Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formationformation
oDiplomacy, trade, war organized around Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationshipsreciprocal relationships
Confederacies Confederacies of Eastern North Americaof Eastern North America
oHurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and ErieOntario and Erie
oIroquois--Central New YorkIroquois--Central New York
oPowhattans--ChesapeakePowhattans--Chesapeake
Exp
lora
tion
Exp
lora
tion
“God, gold and glory”
I. Motives for ExplorationA. Technological Advances
1. improved navigational methods:
- magnetic compass and astrolabe
- improved maps and charts
2. improved ship designs
- the caravel
3. improved weapons
- gunpowder and cannons
Why would this be important?
B. Desire for wealth
1. gain access to the spice trade (also sugar and silk)
Arab and Italian merchants had a monopoly
2. find new sources of gold and silver
C. Growth of Nation-States
1. centralized power at home allowed for an outward
push and colonization of new lands.D. Religious devotion / Crusading Spirit
1. desire to convert new people to Christianity
2. to strike a blow against the Muslims
E. Renaissance Spirit and Values
1. desire to learn about the world (intellectual curiosity)
- Marco Polo returns with stories of the riches
in Asia.
2. desire for adventure, fortune, fame and
glory.
II. Portugal and Spain
A. Portugal
1. Portugal led the way
in exploration
a. Prince Henry the Navigator encourages exploration and the study of improvements in seafaring.
b.location – Portugal was well situated to explore based on routes available to explore.
2. Portuguese sailors explored the
coast of Africa in an attempt to find a
water route to Asian trade.
3. Portuguese explorers included:
Bartholomeu Dias - first to sail around the southern tip ofAfrica
Vasco da Gama - discovered an all water trade route between Portugal and India.
B. Spain
1. Columbus sails West in an attempt to reach Asia.
a. opened the Americas to European
colonization and trade.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- Spain and Portugal sign a
treaty dividing the newly discovered lands
between the two nations
How would you view this treaty if you were the English, French or other Europeans
Amerigo Vespucci –
Explored the coast of the newly discovered lands
Suggested Columbus had actually discovered a new world
Vespucci’s name begins to appear on maps of the New World
Ferdinand Magellan –
attempted to find a Western route to Asia, one of his ships will complete the first circumnavigation of the earth. (1519-1522)
Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived inMexico in 1519.Cortes along with native allies defeated the Aztec.
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”What is it?What is it?What is it?What is it?
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the Exchange” refers to the vast exchange of vast exchange of people, plants, people, plants, animals, ideas and animals, ideas and diseases that began diseases that began with the “Age of with the “Age of Exploration”Exploration”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the Exchange” refers to the vast exchange of vast exchange of people, plants, people, plants, animals, ideas and animals, ideas and diseases that began diseases that began with the “Age of with the “Age of Exploration”Exploration”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
A World Transformed
Large numbers of whites profoundly Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native culturesaltered Native cultures
The rate of change varied from place to The rate of change varied from place to placeplace
Native traditions changed radically for Native traditions changed radically for cultural survivalcultural survival
Threats to Survival: TradeThreats to Survival: Trade
Native Americans were eager for Native Americans were eager for European tradeEuropean trade
They became dependent on and They became dependent on and indebted to Europeansindebted to Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare Commerce also influenced warfare patternspatterns
Threats to Survival: Threats to Survival: DiseaseDisease
• Contact brings population decline Contact brings population decline among American Indiansamong American Indians
• Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic diseasedisease– smallpoxsmallpox
– measlesmeasles
– influenzainfluenza
• Rate as high as ninety-five percentRate as high as ninety-five percent
Myths and RealityMyths and Reality• Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to
finance westward expedition to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”“Cathay”
• 1492--Initial voyage1492--Initial voyage
• Three subsequent voyages to find cities Three subsequent voyages to find cities of Chinaof China
• 1506--died clinging to belief he had 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orientreached the Orient
• Made possible Spanish dominion in Made possible Spanish dominion in AmericaAmerica
The French Claim CanadaThe French Claim Canada
• 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec Quebec
• French Empire eventually includes St. French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, MississippiLawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
• French Crown makes little effort to French Crown makes little effort to foster settlementfoster settlement
• Fur trade underpins economyFur trade underpins economy
• Indians become valued trading partnersIndians become valued trading partners
The English Enter the The English Enter the CompetitionCompetition
Claims New World territory under Henry Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Achieves preconditions for colonization Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth Iunder Elizabeth I
Militant ProtestantismMilitant Protestantism• Lutheran ReformationLutheran Reformation– God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priestsGod speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
– Justification by faith alone for salvationJustification by faith alone for salvation
• Calvinist ReformationCalvinist Reformation– John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotenceJohn Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence
– Predestination—some persons chosen by God for Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvationsalvation
• Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Calvinist Christianity expands in northern EuropeEurope– France—HuguenotsFrance—Huguenots
– Scotland—PresbyteriansScotland—Presbyterians
– England—PuritansEngland—Puritans
Woman in PowerWoman in Power• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable
monarchmonarch
• Elizabeth introduces Elizabeth introduces Via MediaVia Media– Protestant DoctrineProtestant Doctrine
– ““Catholic” RitualCatholic” Ritual
– Ends religious turmoil in EnglandEnds religious turmoil in England
• Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against Englandprompts Spanish crusade against England
• England aligned with Protestant nations England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powersagainst Catholic powers
An Unpromising Beginning: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at RoanokeMystery at Roanoke
• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584colony in 1584– He named the region Virginia after the Virginia He named the region Virginia after the Virginia
QueenQueen
• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 15871587
• The colonists disappeared without a trace The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mysteryand their fate remains a mystery
Major ExplorersMajor Explorers
MagellanMagellan Searched for Searched for
passage to Pacific passage to Pacific OceanOcean
Sailed through Sailed through “straits of “straits of Magellan”Magellan”
Died in PhilippinesDied in Philippines
Crew lst to Crew lst to circumnavigate the circumnavigate the worldworld
CabotCabot Sailed for EnglandSailed for England
Landed on coast Landed on coast of New-foundlandof New-foundland
Gave England Gave England claim to North claim to North AmericaAmerica
Ponce de Leon 11stst to land on the to land on the
mainland of North mainland of North AmericaAmerica
Looking for Looking for “fountain of “fountain of youth”youth”
Established St. Established St. Augustine, FloridaAugustine, Florida
De SotoDe Soto Sailed for SpainSailed for Spain
Explored Explored Mississippi River – Mississippi River – Present-day Present-day OklahomaOklahoma
Coronado Looking for fabled Looking for fabled
seven cities of seven cities of goldgold
Explored present-Explored present-day Arizona and day Arizona and New MexicoNew Mexico
CortesCortes Spanish Spanish
ConquistadorConquistador
Conquered Aztec Conquered Aztec emperor emperor MontezumaMontezuma
Balboa Spanish ExplorerSpanish Explorer
Claimed Pacific Claimed Pacific Ocean and Ocean and adjoining lands adjoining lands for Spainfor Spain
PizzaroPizzaro
Conquered the Conquered the Inca EmpireInca Empire
Hudson English sailor that English sailor that
sailed for the sailed for the English crown and English crown and the Dutchthe Dutch
Discovered Discovered Hudson River and Hudson River and the Hudson Baythe Hudson Bay
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