National Aeronautics and Space Administration Entry and ... · FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019,...

1FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Entry and Thermal Protection Systems Developments at NASA

for Missions to Moon, Mars and BeyondPresented by Dr. Ellerby on behalf of

Ethiraj Venkatapathy NASA’s Senior Technologist for Entry System Technology

Colleagues that contributed to the developments highlighted in this talk:M. Barnhardt, A. Cassell, M. Cheatwood, D. Ellerby, J. Feldman, P. Gage,

M. Stackpoole J. Vander Kam, P. Wercinsk and M. Wright

October, 3, 2019International Conference on Flight Vehicle, Aerothermodynamics and

Re-entry Missions and Engineering

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20190031938 2020-06-17T00:49:36+00:00Z

2FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

What is this talk about?

• NASA has a long history of innovations and contributions towards enabling both robotic in situ science and human missions

• This talk highlights some of the recent innovations in thermal protection materials and systems, and in entry technologies that are enabling current missions and laying the ground work for future scientific and human exploration missions.

3FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Ames’ Heritage and Continuing Contributions to NASA Missions

NASP

BLUNT BODY

CONCEPT(H. Allen)

PAET

X-33

X-34 X-37

SHARP B1 & B2

APOLLO

SPACE SHUTTLE

SHUTTLE UPGRADES

MARS DS-2VIKING

PIONEER-VENUS GALILEO

MER

MAGELLAN

MSL

PHOENIX

STARDUST

MARS

PATHFINDER

1960

1970

19801990

2000

20102014

EFT-1

OSIRIS-REx

INSIGHT

Shuttle Operations

CCP

HIAD

ORION

ADEPT

MARS 2020

* H. Julian Allen and Al Eggers, “A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earth’s Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds,” NACA-RM-A53D28, 1953 / NACA-TR-1381, 1958.

4FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

NASA Ames Entry Systems Related Inventions

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Blunt Body Concept*

(1951)

TUFROC

PICA

SIRCAConstricted Arc Heater

3DMAT

RCG, LI-2200FRCI, AFRSIAETB, TUFI

HEEET

ADEPT

FIAT

Advanced Entry Heating Simulator

Laser-Enhanced IHF

5FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Hypervelocity Entry is a hard Challenge!

• Atmospheric drag is the most efficient way to slow down but need protection from entry heating .

• Fail-safe and mass efficient thermal protection system design requires comprehensive understanding of the hypervelocity, reacting flow (aerothermodynamics), and selection, design, testing and verification of thermal protection materials and system as part of the integrated system.

Entry System, especially Thermal Protection, has to be fail-safe, mass efficient and robust

Credit: Tom Horwath, NASA LaRC

6FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Remainder of the Talk –Highlighting Recent Innovations

3-D Multi-functional Ablative TPS (3-D MAT) enabling

Orion Lunar return

Adaptive Deployable Entry Placement Technology

(ADEPT)

Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET)

Materials and Entry System Development

Modeling and Simulation of Entry Systems Arc Jet TestingHypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator

(HIAD)

7FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

3-D Weaving

8FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

New Materials and Systems Innovation – 3-D WeavingEnabling Human and Robotic Science Missions

Woven TPS CIF

Heatshield for Extreme Entry

Environment Technology (HEEET)

Ap

ril 2

01

1

Jan

. 20

12

Jun

e, 2

01

2

Oct

, 20

13

• Enable missions to Venus, Saturn and Ice-Giants ( ~ 3500 W/cm2, 5 atm.)

• DoD: Leveraging NASA Investment

Woven TPS GCDP 1st BAA

HEE

ET a

t TR

L 6

(0

5/1

9)

Multifunctional Ablative TPS (3D-MAT)

3 years and ~$3M

Enabling Orion with Lunar Capable Compression Pad

EM1 (2020) and Beyond

SimplexDiscovery

New Frontiers

MSR EEV (2026)(Option for Heatshield)

• Human Mars and Heavy Payload

• Small Spacecraft

• Drag Modulated Aerocapture

Adaptable Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT)

Woven TPS CIF

Partnered with BRM

9FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Orion EFT-1 Vehicle

Compression Pad Locations (6)

Orion compression pads are the interface between Crew Module (CM) & Service Module (SM) Required to withstand:

• Launch, ascent and in-space • structural loads

• Pyro-shock (CM/SM separation event)

• Earth re-entry (high heating, ablation)

Launch Abort

System

Crew Module

Service Module

3-D Multi-functional Ablative TPS (3-D MAT) for

Orion Compression Pad

EFT-1 carbon phenolic pads contained

inter-laminar cracks (post-flight observation)

10FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Technical Challenges – Weaving and Resin Infusion

Quartz Yarn 3D Preform

3D Weaving

3D Composite Billet

Final Machining

ResinInfusion

• Challenge: Establishing partnership with industry (weaving and resin infusion), experimenting, testing, design assessment and demonstrating the capability for mission adoption in less than 36 months and $3M.

• 3-D MAT has been adopted for 18 different locations/use on the Orion Spacecraft, in addition to the compression pad application.

11FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Arc Jet testing of 3-D Multifunctional Ablative TPS (3-D MAT)

12FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Laser-Enhanced Arc Jet (IHF) Facility• Primarily designed for Orion Lunar Return heatshield certification

Shock layer radiation is a significant percentage of entry heating• Understanding the ablative TPS material/system response

Orion Block Avcoat Heatshield

• 200,000 W Laser power addition required major facility upgrades including modifications to the plenum, new nozzle (9”), large wedges and overall operational safety.

13FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Avcoat Exploratory Results(Acknowledgement: Geoff Cushman and Antonella Alunni)

13

• Exploratory Avcoat test results imply differences between radiative, convective and combined heating

Convective (Ref:160 W/cm2) Radiative (168 W/cm2) Combined (88 C + 83 R W/cm2)

Acknowledgement: Geoff Cushman and Antonella Alunni1

14FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

NASA Invented TPS Technologies: Mission Infusion into MSR EEV

• Passive, ballistic entry

• 1.3 m diameter, 60° sphere-cone

• 63 – 85 kg depending on TPS choice

Earth Entry Vehicle

Hot Structure (Carbon-Carbon)

Cold Structure Ablative TPS

Cold Structure - Ablative TPS Options

15FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Modeling and Simulation: Core Investment Areas

Predictive Materials ModelingAdvanced models for PICA, Avcoat and woven TPS; Micro- to engineering-scale analysis tools; Detailed

material characterization and model validation

Shock Layer Kinetics and RadiationRadiation databases and models for Earth entry and other destinations of interest; High-fidelity coupled

analysis tools

Guidance, Navigation, and ControlEntry guidance methods to enable precision landing of

large robotic and human Mars missions

AerosciencesParachute dynamics; Free-flight CFD; Magnetic

suspension wind tunnels; Experimental validation; Roughness, Advanced computational methods

16FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Modeling and Simulation: High Fidelity 6-DOF CFD Simulation

SR-1 Flight Trajectory Simulations - Free Flight CFD

• We first validate our simulations with ground test facility and then do our “simulations as we fly” – Advances in Computational tools allow us to do this

17FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Exo-BrakeThe Exo-Brake is essentially a tension device which retains its shape during the higher dynamic pressures close to entry interface.- Enables targeted propellent-less deorbit from

LEO

- Targeting accuracy (at entry interface) of 50km via predictor-corrector control, drag modulation, and timed release (200km demonstrated to date)

• Flight History:- Four successful deorbits from ISS (one

modulated)

- Next spacecraft (TES-7) on orbit now (scaling)

• Potential Applications:- On demand sample return, debris deorbit,

stage separation, planetary net-landers

Exo-Brake Deployed After NanoRacks Launch

Scalability for Deorbit from 250km

18FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

ADEPT: Scalable Entry System

23m: Mars Exploration

6m: Venus Lander 1m: “Nano” ADEPT

19FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Inflatable: HIAD and LOFTID (NASA Langley Leading and NASA Ames supporting )

A Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) is

a deployable aeroshell consisting of an Inflatable Structure (IS) that maintains shape during atmospheric flight, and a

Flexible Thermal Protection System (FTPS) employed to

protect the entry vehicle through hypersonic atmospheric entry.

6m Inflated Entry System Flight Test Mar 2022

T1

T2

T3

T4

T

5

T

6

T5.

5

T

7

T8

20FAR - 30 September - 3 October 2019, Monopoli, Italy

Ethiraj.Venkatapathy-1@nasa.gov

Concluding Remarks

• NASA’s focus on science missions including Mars sample return and in-situ investigation of Ice Giants, and human missions to the Moon and Mars in the coming decades are the drivers for focused development in

– Thermal protection materials and systems

– Novel entry system technologies

– Innovations in modeling and simulation

– Improved ground and flight testing

• Some of these technologies have already been, or are close to, mission infusion, while others are making great progress.