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Good Afternoon
Konnichiwa
NAMASKAR
Biofuels and Future Challenges
Dr. Pradeep Verma (INDIA)(JSPS Fellow)
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) Laboratory of Biomass Conversion
Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, JAPAN
Ritsumeikan High School15 July, 2008
Academic Qualification:Ph.D. 2002, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat, India, Microbiology
M.Sc. 1997, Maharish Dayanand Saraswati University, Rajasthan, India MicrobiologyB.Sc. 1994, Maharish Dayanand Saraswati University, Rajasthan, India, Biology
Academic Honors:JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow, Japan
Ron Cockcroft Award by IRG-WP, Sweden German Science foundation (DFG), Postdoctoral Fellow, Germany
UNESCO Fellow, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, (ASCR) Prague, Czech Republic Senior Research Fellow, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India
Junior Research Fellow, National Dairy Development Board/NTGCFL, Gujarat, India
Dr. Pradeep Verma (INDIA)
Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?Introduction
Global Warming ?
The Greenhouse Effect traps heat inside the Earth’s atmosphere. This causes increase in temperature. This is known as Global Warming.
VehiclesIndustrial Gases
Some of the Reasons……..
Air pollution
Aeroplanes
Reduced rainfall in rainforest due todeforestation
Floods in Bangladesh
Drier conditions
Floods in Florida
You may see some of the effects worldwide…
Some of them are here
Some of the Effects…
Ice Berg Melting
Sea Level Rising
People or Global Warming
Choose?
If Not Now- When?
If Not Earth - Where?
If Not Us -Who?
We have taken small step towards reduction of Global Warming
EnergyEnergy
Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials FuelsFuels
Biomass is our only renewable source of
carbon-based fuels and chemicals
Renewable Fuels
Renewable Fuels
CO2 emissionCO2 fixation
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Solar energySolar energy
BiomassBiomass
CO2 emissionFossil resourcesFossil resources
((OilOil・・CoalCoalNatural gasNatural gas))
EnergyEnergy
Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials
EnergyEnergy
Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials
woodwood
bagasse
LignocelluloseLignocellulose: Lignin+ (hemi)cellulose= main component of plant cell walls
bamboobamboo
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/isagiy/research/phyllostachys2.html
Lignocellulosic biorefinery
Soluble polysaccharides
starch
sugar
grassgrass
FoodNon-food
woodwood
Lignocellulosic biorefinery
grassgrass
bamboobamboo
Fuels
CO2 emission
CO2 fixation
Photosynthesis
Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials
Fuels
Chemicals/MaterialsChemicals/Materials
OilOilCO2emission
Integrated system to produce chemicals, fuels and energy Integrated system to produce chemicals, fuels and energy from from lignocellulosicslignocellulosics..
Biomass → Rural development
Oil refinery
Large scale investment・Oil-producing countries・Oil transportation・Oil refining companies
in coastal industrial zone
http://www.japt.org/abc/
Objectives:Reduce the Cost of Biofuels ProductionEffective Pretreatment ProcessUse Different types of BiomassEnvironmental Friendly TechnologyFeasible Technology
Our Work Objectives…
Why Biomass?Biomass major fuel of the futureBiomass is renewableConsumes atmospheric CO2 during growth and is a CO2 neutral resource in life cycleTo produce technologies for sustainable developmentSolving rural problems Focus on technology development
Fungus growing on woody biomass
Biomass
Lignin
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Biomass
Separate three components•Physical, Chemical, Thermochemicaland Biological Pretreatments
Lignin degrading fungi(white rot fungi)
Microwave irradiation
Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Lignin
Cellulose
Cellulose
Cellulose
J. Bidlack, M. Malone, and R.Benson, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 72:51-56 (1992)
Physical Treatments: Grinding, Steam explosion
Chemical Treatments: Acid or base, various solvent treatments or combination of both
Fungal Treatments: Using selective lignin removal fungalspecies e.g. C. subvermispora, P. osteratus
Catalytic Systems: Using environmental friendly chemicalsto mimic the reaction to degrade lignin selectively
Processes
Enzymes are one of the keys to the process for biomass conversion
Collection
Biomass Collection Pre-treatment
EnzymeHydrolysis
Fermen-tation
Recovery/distillation
GlucosePre-
treatedbiomass
Biomass Ethanol
Our Work……. Biomass Based Fuel Ethanol
Pretreatments:
Autoclaved:
Wood chips: Japanese Cedar (Sugi) and Beech (Buna) wood
Using various conditions e. g.time, temperature
Treated with various developed systems
Autoclave Pretreatment
Small autoclave machine
Microwave Pretreatment
Microwave:Using various conditions treatedwith various developed systems
Frequency 2.45 MHz
At various temperature and time Small microwave machine
Big microwave machineSample port
Fungal Pretreatment
Process:
Various fungal strains e.g. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Selective lignin degrading fungi
Incubation 7-8 weeks
Fungal treated wood in poly-begs
A B
C D
Catalytic System
A: ControlB: Catalyst onlyC: Peroxide onlyD: Catalyst + Peroxide
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0 Conblockund
Conblockdeg
Conbagdeg
Block10unde
Block10deg
Bag10deg
Abs
orpt
ion
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Before Pretreatment After Pretreatment
Pulp
Samples
FTIR machine FTIR spectra
Advantages and Challenges to Use Biomass for Biofuels
Advantages:Significant Carbon Emission ReductionLow PollutionCheaper Fuel for ConsumersRegular Availability Energy SecurityDiversified SourcesFarmer Income IncreasesEmployment in Rural AreaFaster GDP growth
Challenges:
Increase Food Prices e.g. Cassava, Sugarcane and Corn
Focus only on few Biomass
No Systematic Approach
Solution to the problem… Biomass
Choose diversified sources e.g. Wood, Wastes
Crop Rotation
Educate the Farmers
Develop Technology to utilize various biomass
Solutions:
Wood
Solutions to the Challenges
Land Area:3,287,590 km2
Population: 1,103,600,000 (1.1 B)
Language: Hindi, English and 21 other official language
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikhs andothers
INDIA (BHARAT)
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus valley civilization
One of the Oldest in World
The Indus Valley Civilization
REPUBLIC OF INDIA
Largest Democracy in the WorldProvince: 28Union Territories: 7Capital: New DelhiMajor Cities: Mumbai (Bombay), Calcutta
(Kolkata), Madras (Chennai) Literacy: 61%
National Emblem
Indian Parliament
Indian Parliament Building
Loksabha: 552 membersRajyasabha: 250 members
Animal: Tiger Bird: Peacock
Flower: Lotus Fruit: Mango
Tree: Banyan
Game: Hockey
National Symbols
Indian Currencies
Paper Note: Rupees
Coins:Paise
Most prominent personalityMahatma Gandhi
Father of the Nation
Well Known for…
Himalayan Chains Tajmahal, Agra
Rajasthan
Largest State: In terms of area of 342,239 km² (about the size of Germany)
Great Indian desert
Popular tourist destination AJMER
Aravalli MountainsThar Desert
Fascinating Scenes from Rajasthan
Indian Forts
Red Fort, New Delhi
Junagarh, Bikaner Tazia, Jaisalmer Gwalior
Agra Jaigarh, Jaipur
Captivating Scenes from India
Mumbai Night LifeGateway of India, Mumbai
Hawara Bridge, KolkataLotus Temple, Delhi
Captivating Scenes from India
Indian Beaches
Kerala
OrissaGoa
Geographical varieties:
Indian Food
Northern IndianEastern India Southern IndianWestern Indian North Eastern
Cuisine of India
Dances in India
Folk Dances in India
Indian Culture, Dresses and Fashion
Rangoli Women traditional dressWomen Jewelry
Women Saris
Rajasthan traditional dress
Indian Festivals
Deepawali
Holi
Rakshabandhan
ChandrashekharaVenkata Raman for
Physics, 1930 RAMAN" effect
RabindranathTagore
1913, for Literature
Har GobindKhorana for
Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Nobel Laureates from India
SubramanyanChandrasekhar
for Physics, 1983
Mother Teresa for Peace, 1979
Amartya Kumar Senfor Economics, 1998
Nobel Laureates from India
Rajendra Kumar Pachauri for peace on behalf of the IPCC,
along with co-recipient Al Gore 2007
Subhas ChandraBose
IndiraPriyadarshini
Gandhi
Famous Personalities from India
SrinivasaRamanujan
Mathematician
Acknowledgement
Professor Takashi Watanabe
Japan Society for the Promotion of the Science(JSPS)
Host Institute: Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) Laboratory of Biomass Conversion
Thanks a lot !
Thanks a Lot for Your Kind Attention
This Biofuels Work Great !
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