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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 11
Intelligence
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Origins of Intelligence
Intelligence Test a method of assessing an
individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test
performance devised by Binet chronological age that most
typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence
Stanford-Binet the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence testrevised by Terman at Stanford
University
Origins of Intelligence
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior
involves certain abilities profit from experiencesolve problemsreason effectively
What is Intelligence?
IQ is a score on a test it is not something you have
Is intelligence singular or multiple abilities?
Does it relate to speed of brain processing?
Intelligence
Is intelligence culturally defined?
Are intelligence tests culture free?
Are There Multiple Intelligences?Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed
underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome condition in which a person
otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skillcomputation drawing
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligenceability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate emotionscritical part of social intelligence
Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a
person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a
person has learned
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) similar to WAIS, but for school children
Assessing Intelligence- Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
Assessing Intelligence
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with
the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points
of 100
Number of
scores
55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points
above or below 100
Getting Smarter?
Intelligence test performance has been rising
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
IQ scores
Assessing IntelligenceReliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:two halves of the testalternate forms of the testretesting the same individual
Validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is suppose to
Assessing IntelligenceContent Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a
test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts
the behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the
correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes.
Therefore, the predictive power of aptitude tests scores diminish as students move up the educational ladder.
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by intelligence scores
below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to
the demands of life varies from mild to profound
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Down syndrome retardation and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up
The Dynamics of IntelligenceDegrees of Mental Retardation
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Profound Below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Creativity the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas components of creativity
expertiseimaginative thinking skillsventuresome personalityintrinsic motivationcreative environment
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0Similarity ofintelligence
scores(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Heritability the proportion of
variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Genetic Influences
Similarity ofintelligence
scores(correlation)
Adoptedchildren
andbiologicalparents
Adoptedchildren
andadoptiveparents
Genetic Influences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
Genetic Influences
The Mental Rotation Test of Spatial Abilities
Which two circles contains configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at left?
Standard Responses
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