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Switching Municipal Vehicles to Natural
Tom Risley
Gas Fueling – Does It Make SenseTom Risley
Director Energy ProgramsLife Cycle Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA
Study BackgroundFunded by the Heinz EndowmentsFunded by the Heinz Endowments
A Vehicle for ChangeSummer Youth Philanthropy Project
BackgroundBackground• High petroleum fuel (gas
and diesel) prices have and diesel) prices have resulted from many factors including a finite supply, market pressures, and global conflictconflict.
• As a result interest in alternative fuels has been renewed.
• Some alternatives include: biofuels, liquefied petroleum gas (propane), electric vehicles (EVs), and ( ),natural gas.
• The focus of this study is compressed natural gas.
Background Info
3
The E85 EffectThe E85 Effect• Flex Fuel
B fit /P iBenefits/Promises– Lower fuel costs– Reduces Reliance on Reduces Reliance on foreign oil
– Agri/Ethanol BoostB tt i i– Better emissions
• Caveat Emptor– $ per gallon basis – 25 –$ per gallon basis 25 30% mileage reduction
– Environmental trade‐off4
Background Info
About Natural GasAbout Natural Gas• Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon
formed from organic material similar to those formed from organic material similar to those that form petroleum.
• A very appealing alternative fuely pp g– Projected abundance and recent discoveries of shale formations in Southwestern PAImproved exhaust emissions– Improved exhaust emissions
– Relative low cost• Natural gas must be compressed (CNG) or g p ( )
liquefied (LNG) in order to have sufficient energy density to be used as a transport fuel.
Background Info
5
About the fuel ‐ perspective
CNG – Commonly stored at 3,000 or 3,600 psi; 32,400 Btu/gal by volume
LNG C l t d t t h i d 260 °F
Natural Gas – 1,000 Btu per Ft3 ; Therm – 100,000 Btu or 100 Ft3
LNG – Commonly stored at atmospheric pressure and ‐260 °F; 615 times energy of 1 Ft3 of natural gas.
Background Info
6
LexiconLexicon• CNG – compressed natural gas• LNG – liquified natural gas• GGE ‐ gasoline‐gallon‐equivalentg g q• NGV – natural gas vehicle• Retrofit (Convert) – backfit natural gas systems into existing vehicles• Dedicated – run solely on natural gas• Flex Fuel – run on variety of liquid fuels gas or E85• Bi‐Fuel – run on two fuels – gasoline and cng• Dual Fuel – run with combination of diesel pilot and natural gas simultaneously• OEM – original equipment manufacturer• SVM – small volume manufacturers• QSR qualified system retrofitters• QSR – qualified system retrofitters• CARB – California Air Resources Board• Energy Density – amount of energy stored per unit volume. • LHV/HHV – Lower and Higher Heating Value – energy content of fuel
7
Background Info
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)
• NGVs have either CNG or LNG fuel storage NGVs have either CNG or LNG fuel storage systems onboard.
• CNG Natural gas is compressed to ~ CNG Natural gas is compressed to ~ 3600 psi and stored in certified fuel cylinders.cylinders.
• LNG Natural gas is condensed into a liquid by cooling it to ‐260 oF. LNG is liquid by cooling it to 260 F. LNG is stored in certified insulated fuel cylinders.
CNG Chosen to Complete Analysis due to
Natural Gas Vehicles
8
p ycurrent availability
Converting to CNGConverting to CNG
Gasoline to CNG Diesel to CNGGasoline to CNG• Gasoline engines/vehicles are
converted to CNG through conversion kits.C i ki i h bi f l
Diesel to CNG• Diesel engine/vehicles are converted
to CNG through engine replacements or repowers.E i l t d di t d • Conversion kits are either bi‐fuel
or dedicated.– Bi‐fuel Operates on gasoline or
CNG.– Dedicated Operates CNG only.
• Engine replacements are dedicated and repowers are dedicated or dual fuel.‐ Dual Fuel Operates on diesel and CNG
simultaneously.‐ Dedicated Operates on CNG onlyp y ‐ Dedicated Operates on CNG only
[Source: Honda Civic GX Owner’s Manual] [Source: Cummins Westport][Source: Honda Civic GX Owner s Manual] [Source: Cummins Westport]
Vehicle Conversion Details
9
EPA CertificationEPA Certification
10
CNG Fuel StorageCNG Fuel Storage
• CNG fuel tanks occupy ~ 3 times more space than gasoline or diesel gasoline or diesel tanks.
• In many cases
[Courtesy of Dept. of Energy]
In many cases vehicle range or onboard storage
t b space must be reduced.
[Courtesy of Fyda Energy Solutions Inc.]
CNG Fueling Storage
11
FuelingFueling• Fleet inventory drives fuel requirements
• Fill speed requirements• Right sizing Fill StationsRight sizing Fill Stations• Opportunity timing• Incentives• Power/facility• Power/facility requirements
P.C. McKenzie are recognized experts in U.S. , located in Upper St. Clair and on our team – the are the worldwide Ingersoll Rand fuel station distributor
12
About A Vehicle for Change StudyAbout A Vehicle for Change Study• The results of this study are representative of a “snapshot“ at the time
the study was conductedthe study was conducted.• Fuels price (gas, diesel, and CNG), conversion kit cost & availability, fueling
station infrastructure, and technology are constantly evolving.• Moving forward:
Fuel prices will tend increase at their respective rates– Fuel prices will tend increase at their respective rates.– CNG conversion kit costs will tend to lower as their availability
improves.– CNG fueling infrastructure will improve as more vehicles are converted
to NGVsto NGVs.– Technology in the natural gas conversion field will advance.
Each of these factors will make conversion l f l i to natural gas fuel more attractive.
Study Background
13
About Study (cont.)About Study (cont.)
• Other municipalities considering converting Other municipalities considering converting to CNG should explore their own specific fleet and circumstances before converting.
• Note that this study explores the conversion of municipal vehicles. Private or commercial fleets which typically pay an additional on‐road fuel tax on their fuel will have a shorter ROI time period given the same vehicle and ROI time period given the same vehicle and consumption.
14Study Background
Study Participants• North Strabane Township• Peters Townshipp• Peters Township Sanitary Authority• Peters Township Ambulance Service• Peters Township Ambulance Service• Township of Upper St. Clair
h b l• Tri‐Community South Ambulance Service
South Hills Sustainable Fleet Study – Is Natural Gas a Fit?
Study Participants
15
Study ApproachStudy Approach• The following was
f d f h performed for each municipality in the study:
• Fleet Inventory and Assessment
U ili d h V hi l A – Utilized the Vehicle Assessment Worksheet to gather vehicle information and assess each fleet.
• Municipal Profile – Created to better understand each
i i i l d unique municipal structure and how its organizations operate within the municipality.
• Maintenance Approach– Identify each municipality's'
h l hmaintenance philosophy.– Determined facility and training
requirements.
Study Approach
16
Study Approach (cont.)Study Approach (cont.)• CNG Conversion Evaluation
(Conducted on a per vehicle (Conducted on a per vehicle basis)
– Determined conversion options for each vehicle.
– Inputs: Conversion Cost, Fuel Consumption, Fuel PriceROI Ti P i d V hi l S i Lif– ROI Time Period vs. Vehicle Service Life
– Funding and Fuel Price Differential Requirements
• Report Card (Recommendations)B i C f • Business Case for Recommended Vehicle Conversions
– Provided an implementation plan for recommended vehicles as well as savings over a given time periodover a given time period.
• Fueling Station Requirements– Used fuel consumption data to specify a
fast fueling station and estimate cost.• LPG vs. CNG Comparison Case
– Compared ROI time period and savings – Compared ROI time period and savings between a CNG and Propane vehicle conversion.
Study Approach
17
Business CaseBusiness Case• Tangible
Fuel Cost – Fuel Cost differential
– Carbon Offset Ca bo O se– Maintenance Cost– Conversion Costs
• Intangible– Energy securitygy y– Green operation
18
Upper St. ClairppFleet Summary
Fleet Summary for U S Cl i T hiUpper St. Clair Township
• Organizations include: Ad i i t tiAdministration, Ambulance, Police Dept., and Public Works.
C t i d ithi h• Categorized within each organization by service, fuel, and vehicle type.
A d t il d f• A detailed summary of Upper St. Clair Twp. vehicles is provided in the report.
Upper St. Clair Township Fleet Summary
20
CNG Fill Station Cost Estimate for U S Cl i T hiUpper St. Clair Township
Fuel Consumption S
CNG Fast Fill Station C E iSummary Cost Estimate
Weekly Monthly Annually
Upper Saint Clair
FuelFuel Consumption (Gal.)
Equipment Qnty Total CostIngersol Rand Compressor Model# 20H40NGDX 1 $116,385Weekly Monthly Annually
Gasoline 1,057 4,581 54,973Diesel 576 2,496 29,951Total 1,633 7,077 84,924
Inlet Dryer 1 $68,750
CPI ASME Storage Vessels 3 $100,000Tulsa Gas Technology Dual Position Dispenser 1 $54,060Priority Sequential Panel 1 $20,142Verbatim Auto Dialer 1 $2,957
$362,294Total Cost
Note: CNG Fast Fill Station Cost Estimate provided by P.C. McKenzie Corp.
Fueling Station
21
CNG Conversions Available for FleetCNG Conversions Available for Fleet
• Minimal new OEM CNG hi l il bilit GMvehicle availability – GM
Savana/Express Cargo
• Dealer/OEM send from lot t ito conversion
• Conversions – all EPA Certified
• Costs obtained from SVMs and up‐fitters.
C d if b lk b• Cost advantage if bulk buy or pool buying
Upper St. Clair Township Fleet Summary
22
Build Cost Case by VehicleBuild Cost Case by Vehicle
Upper St. Clair Township Fleet Summary
23
Conversion Recommendations f U S Cl i T hifor Upper St. Clair Township
Organization Category Model & ID YearCNG
Convert Options
CNG Engine Prep
Emissions Service Life (Yrs.)
Maint. & Facilities
Conversion Grade
Patrol Crown Victoria 2007
New Not 3
Cert. & Service Life>Year to Reach ROI
Years to Reach ROI
2 0Car (306)
2007only Avail. Reduction
3Training See notes (1).
Explorer (305) 2008 4.5 5.4New only
Not Avail. Reduction
5Cert. & Training
Service Life > Year to Reach ROI See notes (1)(2).
Expedition (301)
2010 1.6 2.0New only
Not Avail. Reduction
5Cert. & Training
Servie Life > Years to Reach ROI See note (1)
SUV
Police Dept.
2.0
• Conversion recommendations were based on several factors: Available Conversion Options, Years to Reach ROI vs. Service Life, CNG Engine Prep, Emissions, & Maintenance.
• Vehicles not shown were not recommended for conversion.
• See report for detailed report card.
Upper St. Clair Township Fleet Summary
24
Business Case for Recommended VehiclesRecommended Vehicles
Fiscal Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
SUV Budget Cost (301 & 305)($35K ea.) $70K $0K $0K $0K $0K $70K $0K $0K $0K $0K
P t l C B d t C t (306)Patrol Car Budget Cost (306) ($30K ea.) $30K $0K $0K $30K $0K $0K $30K $0K $0K $30K
New SUV w/CNG ($46K ea.) (301 & 305) ‐$92K $0K $0K $0K $0K ‐$88K $0K $0K $0K $0K
New Patrol car w/ CNG (306)($40K ea.) ‐$40K $0K $0K ‐$38K $0K $0K ‐$38K $0K $0K ‐$38K
Annual Fuel Savings (301) $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K $5 55K
POLICE DEPT.
Annual Fuel Savings (301) $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K $5.55K
Annual Fuel Savings (305) $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K $2.02K
Differential, (‐)Loss, (+) Savings (301 & 305) ‐$14.4K ‐$6.9K $.7K $8.3K $15.9K $5.8K $13.4K $21.K $28.6K $36.1K
Annual Fuel Savings (306) $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K $4.96K
Differential,(‐)Loss, (+) Savings (301 305 &306)
• Used annual municipal budgets and vehicle replacement schedules to provide an implementation plan for recommended vehicle conversions.
(301, 305, &306) ‐$19.5K ‐$6.9K $5.6K $10.1K $22.7K $17.6K $22.1K $34.6K $47.2K $51.7K
• An initial investment in the conversion is required that would be recovered over time in fuel cost savings.
• Business case accounts for next generation vehicle conversions
Business Case
25
Price Differential/Augmentationg
Business Case
26
ConclusionsConclusions• Given the low usage most of the municipal vehicles were not
recommended for conversion to CNGrecommended for conversion to CNG.• 175 vehicles were evaluated between each municipality – only 8 vehicles
recommended • 5 Police Vehicles, 1 Ambulance Van, 1 Fire Department SUV, and
Sanitary Authority SUV made the cutSanitary Authority SUV made the cut• Results combination of fleet turnover, high cost of conversion, low
mileage, and smaller municipal fuel cost differential• Cost of Fast Fill Station not included in ROI as fleet size was so small –
need to bundle station between municipalities/school bus fleets and need to bundle station between municipalities/school bus fleets and also make use of growing commercial CNG facilities
• Conversion recommendations are based on a snapshot of when this study was conducted. Recommendations are subject to change based on the dynamics of factors such as fuel price conversion kit cost & the dynamics of factors such as fuel price, conversion kit cost & availability, and supplemental funding.
Study Conclusions
27
QuestionsQuestions
• ????????????
F h I f iFurther Information:Tom Risley
412‐253‐8380 ext. 3001 (office)412‐352‐3224 (cell)412 352 3224 (cell)trisley@LCE.com
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