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Multiple Identities and Academic Achievement: The Effects of Role Accumulation on Successful Student Role Performance Richard N. Pitt, Jr. Department of Sociology Interdisciplinary Seminar on Social Psychology September 1, 2004. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Multiple Identities and Academic Achievement:The Effects of Role Accumulation on
Successful Student Role Performance
Richard N. Pitt, Jr.Department of Sociology
Interdisciplinary Seminar on Social PsychologySeptember 1, 2004
Abstract
This paper examines the likelihood that the number of roles an actor assumes affects how well she performs the roles in her constellation of role-identities. Specifically, I examine the effects of role accumulation on successful performance of the student role. I therefore address the following question:
How do role accumulation and specific role occupancies affect student role performance?
Role-IdentitySpouse
Role-IdentityParent
Role-IdentityOrg. Volunteer
Role-IdentityEmployee
Role-IdentityNeighbor
Role-IdentityFriend
Role-IdentitySibling
What Are Role-Identities?
Role-IdentityChurch Member
IdentityReligious Person
What Is Role Accumulation?
IdentityReligious Person
IdentityReligious Person
Effect Of Accumulation Of Roles Is Questionable•On Psychological Well-Being . . . . Thoits 1992 •On Self Esteem . . . . Reitzes and Mutran 1994•For Certain Ethnic Minorities . . . . Braboy Jackson 1997
PsychologicalPsychologicalWell-BeingWell-BeingOf AdultsOf Adults
Prior Research On Role Accumulation
Accumulation Of Roles Is Detrimental•Goode 1960•Coser 1974•Mayhew 1995
Limited amount of energy,time and other resources
leads to role strain/conflict.
Accumulation Of Roles Is Beneficial•Sieber 1974•Marks 1977•Thoits 1983, 1986•Menaghan 1989
Increased Sense of SelfResources & Network Support
Ego-gratification
PsychologicalPsychologicalWell-BeingWell-BeingOf AdultsOf Adults
Do The Possible Effects of Role Accumulation Extend Beyond Psychological Well-Being And
Affect The Performance Of The Roles The Actor Takes On?
Does Role Accumulation Have A Positive Impact On
Performance Of The Student Role Of High School Students?
Do The Possible Effects of Role Accumulation Extend Beyond Psychological Well-Being And
Affect The Performance Of The Roles The Actor Takes On?
Does Role Accumulation Have A Positive Impact On
Performance Of The Student Role Of High School Students?
Role-IdentityRole-IdentityPerformancePerformance
Of KidsOf Kids
Effect Of Accumulation Of Roles Is Questionable
Prior Research On Role Accumulation
Accumulation Of Roles Is Detrimental
Accumulation Of Roles Is Beneficial
This Research’s Central Question
Does Role Accumulation Have A Positive Impact On
Performance Of The Student Role Of High School Students?
H2: Role Accumulation Has a
Positive But Curvilinear
Effect On Grades
H1: Role Accumulation Has a
PositiveEffect On Grades
Self-Esteem
Increased Networks
Ego-Gratification
Energy Spent Maintaining Increased
Networks
Time Management Challenges
++----
This Research’s Hypotheses
Role-IdentityRole-IdentityPerformancePerformance
++//----
Does Role Accumulation Have A Positive Impact On
Performance Of The Student Role Of High School Students?
H3: Premature Acquisition of Adult
Obligatory Roles May Damage Student
PerformanceAnd Cause That Curvilinearity.
The Problem OfNon-Normative Roles
(i.e., parent and spouse)----
This Research’s Hypotheses
Role-IdentityRole-IdentityPerformancePerformance
Methods and Data
Dataset: National Education Longitudinal Study
Dependent Variable: Senior year grades in core subjects (English, history, science, and math) where F average is “1” and A average is “8”.
Independent Variable: Sum of social positions held by each senior, using 8 fairly stable social positions.
Nonacademic Controls: Gender, race, family SES
Academic/Culture Controls: 10th grade test scores, 10th grade grades in core subjects, and pro-school peer effects.
79%76%57%43%42%35%4%3%Of H.S. Seniors
% of Students With Each Number Of Role-Identities And Their Mean
Grades
0 Role-Identities5% D+1 Role-Identity 12% C-2 Role-Identities9% B-3 Role-Identities19% B4 Role-Identities26% B+5 Role-Identities21% B+6 Role-Identities7% A-7 Role-Identities<1% C+8 Role-Identities <1% C+
More On Data
0.40***
-0.04***
0.12*
Id
0.30***-0.31***-0.31**-0.07*0.34***0.12***0.05***0.57***0.04
-3.26***
0.40***
-0.04***
0.10*
0.06***
0.31***-0.31***-0.29**-0.08*0.34***0.13***0.05***0.57***0.09
-3.09***
0.40***
-0.04***
10th
Id
0.30***-0.31***-0.24**-0.08*0.34***0.10***0.05***0.55***0.06
-3.78***
Regression of Number of Role-Identities and Other Variables On The
Grades of High School Seniors12th Grade # of Ids
12th Grade # of Ids2
10th Grade # of Ids
Id Change From 10th to 12th
FemaleAfrican-AmericanNative AmericanHispanic, LatinoAsian-AmericanFamily SES10th Grade Scores10th Grade GradesPro-School Peer AttitudesIntercept
12th
12th
10th
Id
0.31***-0.30***-0.30**-0.09*0.34***0.12***0.04***0.58***0.08
-2.92****p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
MaximumRole-
Identities
0.31***
-0.04***
10th
Id
0.09-0.040.15***0.15***0.09**
-0.22**-0.18* 0.08**0.55***0.06
-3.78***
Regression of Number of Role-Identities and Role Holdings On The
Grades of High School Seniors12th Grade # of Ids
12th Grade # of Ids2
10th Grade # of Ids
Id Change From 10th to 12th
Friend (in 12th grade)Sibling (in 12th grade)Group Member (in 12th grade)Team Athlete (in 12th grade)Church Member (in 12th grade)Spouse (in 12th grade)Parent (in 12th grade)Employee (in 12th grade)10th Grade GradesPro-School Peer AttitudesIntercept
0.40***
-0.04***
10th
Id
0.09-0.04-0.15**-0.15*0.09***0.22***0.18***0.58***0.08
-2.92****p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
Regression of Number of Role-Identities and Other Variables On The
Grades of High School Seniors12th Grade # of Ids
12th Grade # of Ids2
10th Grade # of Ids
Id Change From 10th to 12th
FemaleAfrican-AmericanNative AmericanHispanic, LatinoAsian-AmericanFamily SES10th Grade Scores10th Grade GradesPro-School Peer AttitudesIntercept
*p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
“Maximum”Role-
Identities
All Students Who Are Parents/Spouses Have Been Removed From Data
(n=3648)
0.19***
-0.03
0.28***-0.30***-0.23**-0.07*0.33***0.10***0.03***0.55***0.04
-4.65***
Other Parts Of The Current Project
•Analysis of the interaction of role summation with specific 2 or 4 role role-combinations . . . similar findings.
•The causality question . . . previous (i.e., 10th grade) levels of ability have either no impact (scores) or a negative impact (grades) on the number of roles seniors have.
So, What Do Reviewers Say?
“NELS has the potential to provide salience info for each of these identities (i.e., how much time the student spends in these organizations and whether they participated as a member or officer).”“Expand the predicted outcomes to include more outcomes interesting to education scholars (e.g., dropout) or the mechanisms the author points to (e.g., self-esteem)”
“I’m not convinced that the number of role-identities influences school performance versus the other way around. What about selectivity effects?”
“The empirical literature has long since discredited the uniform effect of social roles. Therefore, this idea of a “count” variable being meaningful is difficult to swallow.
“While I’m persuaded by the role accumulation/summation argument, maybe the author is really studying social bonds and commitment?”
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