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SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY
M.SC. BIOTECHNOLOGY
I SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS01CBIT01: Molecular Biology
PS01CBIT02: Bioinstrumentation
PS01CBIT03: Cell biology and Genetics
Elective Paper:
Any one from the list
PS01CBIT04: Practicals of PS01CBIT01 & PS01CBIT02
PS01CBIT05: Practicals of PS01CBIT03 & PS01EBITXX
PS01CBIT06: Viva Voce
II SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS02CBIT01: Bioprocess & Biochemical engineering
PS02CBIT02: Microbial Genetics
PS02CBIT03: Genetic engineering & Bioinformatics
Elective Papers:
Any one from the list
PS02CBIT04: Practicals of PS02CBIT01 & PS02CBIT02
PS02CBIT05: Practicals of PS02CBIT03 & PS02EBITXX
PS02CBIT06: Viva Voce
- 2 -
III SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS03CBIT01: Microbial Biotechnology
PS03CBIT02: Immunology
PS03CBIT03: Enzymology
Elective Paper:
Any one from the list
PS03CBIT04: Practicals of PS03CBIT01 & PS03CBIT02
PS03CBIT05: Practicals of PS03CBIT03 & PS03EBITXX
PS03CBIT06: Viva Voce
IV SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS04CBIT01: Plant Biotechnology
PS04CBIT02: Environmental Biotechnology
Elective Papers:
Any two from the list
OR
DISSERTATION
PS04CBIT03: Practicals of PS04CBIT01 & PS04CBIT02
PS04CBIT04: Practicals of PS04EBITXX & PS04EBITXX
PS04CBIT05: Viva Voce
OR
PS04CBIT03: Practicals of PS04CBIT01 & PS04CBIT02
PS04EBIT04: Dissertation
PS04CBIT05: Viva Voce
List of Elective Papers:
PSCOEBIT01: Biostatistics PSCOEBIT02: Phytoresource utilization and conservation PSCOEBIT03: Microtechniques PSCOEBIT04: Animal Biotechnology PSCOEBIT05: Biochemistry PSCOEBIT06: Human physiology PSCOEBIT07: Genomics and proteomics PSCOEBIT08: Stem cell technology and developmental Biology PSCOEBIT09: Bioethics, Bio safety and IPR
PSCOEBIT10: Food biotechnology
PSCOEBIT11: Toxicology
- 3 -
SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY
I SEMESTER
PS01CBIT01: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit-I
DNA structure: Chemistry of DNA, Forces stabilizing DNA structure, Helix parameters, Forms
of DNA (A, B, C, D, T, and Z), Watson –Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing, Physical properties
of ds DNA (UV-Absorption spectra, Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot curves, DNA
hybridization), Chemicals that react with DNA.
DNA topology: DNA supercoiling, Supercoiled forms of DNA, Superhelical density, energetics
of supercoiled DNA, Biology of supercoiled DNA (Topological domains of DNA, DNA
topoisomerases, Mechanisms of supercoiling in cells, Mechanism of action of Topoisomerase I
and II, effect of supercoiling on structure of DNA and role of supercoiling in gene expression
and DNA replication)
DNA-protein Interactions: General features, Interaction of Helix-turn Helix motif, B-sheet, Zn-
DNA binding domains, etc with DNA.
Unit-II
Organization of DNA into chromosomes: Packaging of DNA and organization of chromosome
in bacterial cells; Packaging of DNA in eukaryotic nucleosome and chromatin condensation,
assembly of nucleosomes upon replication, Chromatin modification and genome expression.
DNA replication: Mechanism of DNA polymerase catalyzed synthesis of DNA, Types of DNA
polymerases in bacteria and their role. Initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and its
regulation in prokaryotes, assembly of replisome and progress of replication fork, termination of
replication. Types and function of eukaryotic DNA polymerases, initiation of replication in
eukaryotes, role of telomerases in replication of eukaryotic chromosomes. Inhibitors of DNA
replication (blocking precursor synthesis, nucleotide polymerization, altering DNA structure).
Unit-III
Transcription: RNA polymerases, features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters, assembly
of transcription initiation complex in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and its regulation; synthesis
and processing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcripts. Transport of RNA within eukaryotic
cell.
Translation: Structure and role of t-RNA in protein synthesis, ribosome structure, basic features
of genetic code and its deciphering, translation (initiation, elongation and termination in detail in
prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes).
Unit-IV
Processing of proteome Posttranslational processing of proteins (protein folding, processing by
proteolytic cleavage, processing by chemical modification, Inteins), Protein degradation.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Operon concept, positive and negative
regulation. Examples of lac-, ara-, his- and trp- operon regulation; antitermination, global
regulatory responses; Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: Transcriptional, translational
and processing level control mechanisms.
Reference books:
Genes IX: Lewin
Molecular Biology of the Gene: Watson et al.
Genomes 3: T. A. Brown
Molecular Genetics of Bacteria: Snyder & Champness
- 4 -
PS01CBIT02- BIOINSTRUMENTATION
Unit -I
Electrochemistry: pH and buffers, potentiometric and conductometric titration. Principle and
application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron
microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy,
cytophotometry and flow cytometry. Preparation of microbial, animal and plant samples for
microscopy.
Unit- II
Principle methodology and applications of gel – filtration, ion –exchange and affinity
chromatography; Thin layer and gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography,
FPLC.
Electrophoresis: Principle and applications of Native and SDS PAGE; Agarose and 2D gel
electrophoresis.
Unit III Spectroscopy: UV, Visible, IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Atomic absorption and plasma
emission spectroscopy; MS and MALDI-TOF.
Unit IV
Centrifugation: Basic principle and application; Differential, density and Ultracentrifugation.
Principle of biophysical method and used for analysis of biopolymer structure; X ray diffraction,
fluorescence,
Principle and applications of tracer technique in biology: Radioactive Isotopes and half life of
isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system; autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation;
radiation dosimetry; scintillation counting.
Biosensors: Principle and application
Reference Books:
Shrama BK, Instrumental method of chemical analysis
DA Skoog. Instrumental methods of analysis
Plummer, An introduction to practical Biochemistry
Chatwal and Anand, Instrumentation
Boyer, Modern experimental Biology
- 5 -
PS01CBIT03: CELL BIOLOGY & GENETICS
UNIT-I
An overview of Cells and Cell Research; Structure and Organization of pro-and eukaryotic cells.
Application s of electron microscopy in Cell biology; Transmission and Scanning electron
microscopes: components and principle of image formation; Cell membranes: freeze fracturing
and freeze etching of cellular membranes, molecular organization, Cell permeability - transport
across membranes: facilitated diffusion, active transport and receptor mediated endocytosis.
Nucleus – Structure of the nuclear envelope, organization and regulation of nuclear pore
complex. Transport across nuclear membrane, internal organization of the nucleus and nucleolus,
the nucleus during mitosis. Chloroplast and Mitochondria: similarities and dissimilarties,
structural organization in relation to function, genome, transport of metabolites across the
membranes, import and export of proteins through membrane compartments and biogenesis –
Envelope, stroma and thylakoids; Molecular organization of thylakoids.
UNIT-II
Endomembrane system: endomembrane concept, membrane flow, Structural organization of ER
and Golgi, targeting of proteins to ER, , insertion of proteins into ER membrane, Protein folding
and exporting of proteins and lipids from ER to golgi protein sorting and export from golgi to
different cellular compartments, mechanism of vesicle transport and vesicle fusion.
Cytoskeletal elements– composition and organization of microtubules, microfilaments and
intermediate filaments. Role in cell division, wall formation and transport.
Intercellular communications: Cell wall –structure, composition, function and biogenesis.
Plasmodesmata, Tight junctions, Gap junctions – Structure and role in movement of molecules.
Cell Cycle – Phases of Cell Cycle, functional importance of each phase, Molecular events during
cell cycle, Check points, Cyclins and protein kinases, MPF (maturation promoting factor),
Regulation of cell cycle.
UNIT-III
Fundamentals of Genetics: Mendelian analysis, Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, The principle of
segregation, Test cross and back cross; The principle of Independent assortment, pedigree
analysis. Probability & Statistics in Genetics: Probability in genetic analysis; probability of
combination of events, mutually exclusive events, use of binomial distribution in Genetics; The
Chi-square goodness of fit test and its use in Genetics. Interaction of genes: Incomplete
dominance, co-dominance, lethal genes, epistasis, pleiotropy polygenic traits and quantitative
inheritance; Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance: Transmission of sex- linked traits, sex
determination; Linkage and chromosome mapping and its significance: Linkage, Crossing over-
two point crosses, three –point crosses tetrad analysis, chromosome maps.
UNIT-IV
Maternal effects and cytoplasmic inheritance: Maternal effects in snails, Streptomycin resistance
in Chlamydomonas, mitochondrial mutations in yeast, Kappa particles in paramecium, plastid
inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, male sterility in plants; Alterations in chromosome number and
structure: Ploidy: Aneuploidy and euploidy, polyploidy and its significance: alteration in
chromosome structure: Deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations; Mutations: Types
of mutations, mutagens, molecular basis of mutations; transposable elements; Reverse mutations
& suppressor mutations.
Reference Books:
- 6 -
Cell and Molecular Biology (1987), 8th
Edn. De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis,
E. M. F. Jr., Lea & Febiger, USA (Indian Edn.: K. M. Varghese Company, Bombay).
Essential Cell Biology – Second Edition (2004), Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter, Garland Publishing
Inc., New York.
Molecular Biology of the Cell (2002) Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Alexander Johnson,
Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and James D. Watson, Garland Publishing Inc.,
New York.
Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (1996) Gerald Karp, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.,USA.
Cell and Molecular Biology (2002), Phillip Sheeler and Donald E. Bianchi, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, Canada (Indian print by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., Kundli).
The world of the Cell – Fourth Edition (2000) Wayne M. Becker, Lewis J. Kleinsmith
and Jeff Hardin, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. (Benjamin/Cummings Imprint).
The Cell – A Molecular Approach (Third Edition) (2004) Geoffrey M. Cooper and
Robert E. Hausman, ASM Press, Washington, D. C.
Molecular Cell Biology (1986) Avers. C.J., Addision-Wesely Publishing Co., Inc., New
York, USA.
Molecular Cell Biology 3rd edn, (1995) Lodish, Baltimore, Berk, Lawrence, et al,
Scientific American Books, N.Y.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants (2000) Eds. Buchanan, Grissem and
Jones, American Soc. Plant Biologists, Waldorf.
Genes (2000), edn7, Lewin B, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook- Third Edition. Volumes 1 – 4 (2006), Edited by
Julio E. Celis, Elsevier Academic Press, U. K.
David. E. Sadava. 1993. Cell Biology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
Strickberger M. W. Genetics. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing co. New York.
Robert Weaber & Philip W. Hedrick. Basic Genetics, Second Edition. W. M. C. Brown
Publishers Dubuque lowq.
Anna C. Pai & Helen M. Roberts. Genetics – its concepts & implications, Prentic – Hall
Inc. Engle clifts, New Jersey. USA
Edmund W. Sinnot, L. C. Dunn & T. Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics. McGraw Hill
Book company Inc. New York, USA.
M. Sr & R. W. Owen. General Genetics, W. H. Freeman & Company, Sanfrancisco.
P. K. Gupta, Genetics. Rastogi Publications. Shivaji Road Meerut, India.
Elective paper: Any one from the list
- 7 -
II SEMESTER
PS02CBIT01: BIOPROCESS AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Unit -I Introduction to bioprocess technology, Isolation, preservation and improvement of industrially
important organisms. Substrates for fermentation processes, Medium optimization
Unit -II Bioreactor design: Laboratory, pilot and large scale reactors. Plug flow reactors, enzyme
reactors. Sterilization of media and air. Scale up and Scale down, Mass transfer of oxygen:
Agitation and aeration, Determination of KLa, factors affecting KLa, fluid rheology. Inoculum
development, aseptic inoculation and sampling.
Unit -III Bioprocess kinetics: Kinetics of growth and substrate utilization in batch, fed batch and
continuous systems.
Control of process parameters: Instrumentation for monitoring bioreactor and fermentation
processes, Sensors, Controllers, fermentation control systems and architecture, Incubation and
sequence control, advanced control. Dynamic modeling of fermentation processes.
Unit -IV Downstream processing: Methods of Cell separation, Disruption and product purification.,
Fermentation Economics
Reference Books
Principles of Fermentation Technology : Whitekar & Stanbury
Comprehensive Biotechnology : Murray Moo Young
Methods in Industrial Microbiology : Sikyta
Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, El Mansi and Bryc
PS02CBIT02: MICROBIAL GENETICS
Unit-I
Mutation and DNA Repair: Mutation, Spontaneous mutations (Randam v/s adaptive nature of
mutation, Luria and Delbruck experiment, Newcombe experiment, Lederberg’s experiment,
Mutation rate and its determination, Origin of spontaneous mutations), DNA damages
(Deamination of bases, alkylation, damage due to reactive oxygen, UV induced damage) and it
repair pathways (Methyl-directed mismatch repair, Nucleotide excision repair, Base excision
repair, recombinational repair, SOS inducible repair, specific repair for oxidative DNA damage,
pyrimidine dimers and alkylation induced damage and adaptive response).
Plasmid Biology: Types, compatibility, replication, control of copy number and plasmid
segregation.
Unit II
Recombination: Types of recombinations, Models for Homologous recombination, Molecular
mechanism of homologous recombination, Homologous recombination in eukaryotes, Mating-
type switching. Molecular mechanism for site-specific recombination, Biological roles of site-
specific recombination.
- 8 -
Conjugation: Conjugation by E. coli F factor ( Structure of F-factor, Regulation of F-factor
fertility, establishment of cell contact, DNA mobilization and transfer and separation of mating
pair, Hfr conjugation and chromosomal transfer, F-prime conjugation and merodiploids,
Conjugation of fertility inhibited F-like plasmids, Nonconjugative, mobilizable plasmids, Broad
Host Range self-transmissible plasmids, Chromosome mobilization by Non-F plasmids, Plasmid
based conjugation in other bacteria (Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Streptococcus.
Interrupted mating and conjugational mapping.
Agrobacterium genetics: Ti-plasmid, Interkingdom gene transfer (Key early experiments, vir
regulon, protein secretion apparatus, conjugation model of T-DNA transfer, Integration
products).
Unit III
Transformation: Mechanism of Natural competence and transformation in Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Transformation by inducing artificial
competence, Gene linkage and mapping by transformation.
Transduction: Generalized transduction in P22, P1, T4, and Mu bacteriophages, homologous
recombination with recipients chromosome, measuring transduction (cotransduction of markers,
marker effects, abortive transduction, transduction of plasmids) Applications of generalized
transduction. Specialized transduction in and its applications.
Viral genetics:Bacteriophages (T-series, -biology, Miniphages (M-13, X 174, Mu),
Bacteriophage recombination (complementation, fine structure analysis).
Unit IV
Fungal genetics: Tetrad analysis and Mitotic recombination
Restriction-Modification systems: Role of Restriction-Modification systems, Types of RM
systems, Modification, Restriction and Regulation.
Transposable elements: Types of transposable elements, Structure, genetic organization and
mechanism of transposition of Tn5, Tn3 and related transposons, Bacteriophage Mu, Tn7 and
IS911, Integrons, Retrotransposons, Conjugative and Mobilizable transposons. Assays of
transposition.
Molecular biology of tumor: Control of cell proliferation, oncogene activation, role of tumor
suppressor genes.
Apoptosis
Reference books:
Genes IX: Lewin
Molecular Biology of the Gene: Watson et al Vth
edition.
Modern Microbial Genetics: Uldis Streips and Ronald Yasbin.
Microbial genetics: Stanley Molay, John Cronan and David Freifelder.
Molecular Genetics of Bacteria: Snyder and Champness.
Molecular Genetics: Stent and Calendar
Principles of Genetics: Snustad and Simmons
Molecular Biology of the Cell: Alberts et al.
PS02CBIT03: GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOINFORMATICS
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Unit -I
Genetic Engineering
Introduction to the scope of genetic engineering. Overview of the principles and progress in
genetic engineering. Basic steps involved in recombinant DNA technology: Isolation of DNA
from various sources, fragmentation methods, ligation strategies, introduction of the chimeric
DNA into various host cells and selection and screening of recombinant clones. Manipulation
and characterization of cloned DNA: Basic PCR, Reverse Transcriptase, inverse, nested, real
time and mega primer PCR.
Unit II
DNA sequencing and sequence assembly. Maxam-Gilbert’s and Sanger’s methods, Shot gun
sequencing, sequencing strategies for large genomes. DNA mapping and DNA fingerprinting:
Physical and molecular mapping, Hybridization and PCR based methods of fingerprinting. Site
directed mutagenesis: Methods and applications.
Unit III
Bioinformatics
Introduction to Bioinformatics: Overview, Internet and bioinformatics, Applications
Databases: Databases in Bioinformatics, various biological databases, Protein and Nucleotide
sequence Data bases. Protein sequence, structure and Classification databases
Sequence analysis: Pairwise alignment, local and global alignment, Multiple sequence
alignment,
Gene prediction: Gene prediction methods: Signal sites Predictions
Unit IV
Protein Computational Biology:
Structural classification of proteins, structure alignment and comparison and Protein Structure
prediction, Active site prediction, Protein modelling and drug design
Phylogenetic analysis: molecular basis of evolution, Phylogenetic trees & different methods for
phylogenetic inference
Reference Books:
Bioinformatics: A Beginners Guide, Clavarie and Notredame
Bioinformatics: David Mount
Bioinformatics: Rastogi
Introduction to Bioinformatics:Arthur M. Lesk
M.Sc. Biotechnology Syllabus w.e.f. June 2009 (I-IV Semesters)
Bioinformatics: Principles and applications, Ghosh and Mallick
Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and Computer, C A Orengo
Protein Structure Prediction: Methods and Protocols, Webster, David (Southern Cross
Molecular Ltd., Bath, UK)
Elective paper: Any one from the list
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III SEMESTER
PS03CBIT01: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit -I
General concept of Microbial biotechnology and Fermentation economics
Microbial production of
Antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin
Enzymes: proteases, amylases
Organic acids: Citric acid, acetic acid
Unit- II
Microbial production of .......
Amino acids: Glutamic acid, Lysine
Industrial Alcohol,
Beer and wine
Vitamins: Vit B12, B2
Ergot alkaloids
Unit-III
Biotransformations of steroids
Production of single cell protein from bacteria, fungi and algae: Nutritional value and
safety.
Edible Mushrooms: Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms.
Bioplastics
Single cell oil
Unit -IV
Microbial Exopolysaccharides: Xanthan, Alginate
Microbial Flavours: Diacetyl, Methyl ketones, Terpenes, Vanillin
Fermented food and dairy products: Starter cultures, science and technology of bread,
cheese and yogurt manufacture.
Reference Books :
Biotechnology: Rehm and Reid.
Comprehensive biotechnology: Murray Moo Young.
Microbial Technology: Pepler
Microbiology and technology of fermented foods: R. W. Hutkins. Blackwell publishing.
Topic related review papers
- 11 -
PS03CBIT02: IMMUNOLOGY
Unit -I
Innate and adaptive immunity: role of cells, receptors and proteins in innate immunity, ubiquity
of the innate system.
Cells and organs of the immune system: Hematopoiesis, primary and secondary lymphoid
organs.
Complement: components of the system, activation, regulation, biological consequences and
deficiency diseases. Inflammation and anti-inflammatory agents.
Unit -II
Antigens and antibodies: properties of immunogens, haptens, epitopes, structure and classes of
immunoglobulins, biological activities and effector functions, monoclonal antibodies and
abzymes.
Antibody diversity: models, organization of Ig genes, mechanism of gene rearrangement,
generation of diversity; expression, synthesis and class switching, antibody engineering.
Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies: Principles, Techniques and applications
Antigen-antibody interactions: Agglutination and precipitation techniques, Radio Immunoassay,
ELISA, Immunofluorescence assays: Florescence activated cell sorter (FACS) technique,
Cytotoxicity assay, Cytokines assays: ELISA and ELISPOT
Unit- III
Major histocompatibility complex and antigen presentation: MHC- organization, inheritance,
genes, molecules and peptide binding, expression, disease susceptibility,immune responsiveness,
self MHC restriction, cytosolic and endocytic pathway for antigen processing.
T-cell receptor, T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation: TCR- genetic organization and
rearrangement of genes, TCR-complex, peptide binding, thymic selection, activation and
differentiation of T cells.
Generation, activation and differentiation of B cells: B cell maturation, activation and
proliferation, germinal centers, regulation of the responses.
Cell mediated cytotoxicity: Effector T cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, ADCC.
Unit -IV
Hypersensitivity reactions: classification and types of hypersensitivity reactions.
Immune tolerance and autoimmunity: establishment and failure of tolerance, autoimmune
diseases, mechanisms for the induction, animal models, treatment.
Transplantation immunology: basis and manifestation of graft rejection, immunosuppressive
therapy, immune tolerance.
Experimental systems in immunology.
Reference books:
Kuby-Immunology: T. J. Kindt, R. A. Goldsby and B. A. Osborne; W. H. Freeman
Janeway’s Immunology: K. Murphy, P. Travers and M. Walport; Garland Sciences
Immunology: Ivan Roitt, J. Brostoff and D. Male; Mosby
Essential immunology: Ivan Roitt; Oxford: Blackwell
Topic related review articles.
- 12 -
PS03CBIT03: ENZYMOLOGY
Unit- I
Introduction to enzymology and historical developments in enzymology
Protein Structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, techniques used in
enzyme characterization
Enzyme classification: IUB enzyme classification. Enzyme Activity: Principle and techniques of
enzymatic analysis, factors affecting enzyme activity, Extraction and Purification of enzyme:
Objectives and strategy, separation techniques, test of purity.
Unit- II
Enzyme Kinetics: Bioenergetics and Catalysis
Single substrate kinetics: Equilibrium and Steady state kinetics, significance of Km, Vmax &
Kcat. Pre-steady state and Relaxation kinetics.
Multisubstrate kinetics: General rate equation, compulsory order, random order and ping-pong
mechanisms and their primary and secondary plots.
Enzyme inhibition and its kinetics: Reversible and irreversible inhibition, competitive, non-
competitive and uncompetitive, mixed, partial, substrate and allosteric inhibition.
Thermal kinetics: Effect of temperature on reaction rate, enzyme stability, Arrhenius equation
and activation energy.
Unit- III
Mechanism of Enzyme Action:
Enzyme activators, co-enzymes and co-factors in enzyme catalysis, Enzyme and substrate
specificity, Investigation of active Centre, Factors affecting catalytic efficiency, Experimental
approaches to determine enzyme mechanisms.
Enzyme mechanisms: Lysozyme, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Restriction endonuclease,
Aspartate transcarbomylase. Allosteric enzymes and sigmoidal kinetics: Protein ligand binding,
Co-operativity, MWC & KNF models,
Regulation of enzyme activity. Control of metabolic pathways.
Unit- IV
Isoenzymes and its physiological significance, Ribozymes and Abzymes, Enzyme engineering:
Chemical modification of enzymes: methods of modification of primary structure, catalytic and
allosteric properties, use of group specific reagents.
Enzyme Immobilization, Enzymes in non conventional media, Enzymes sensors, Enzymes as
analytical reagents
Reference Books:
Fundamentals of Enzymologist: Nicholes C. Price and Lewis Stevens, Oxford Univ.
Press.
Enzyme Structure and mechanism: Alan Fersht, Reading, USA.
Understanding Enzymes: Trevor Palmer
The chemical kinetics of enzyme action: K. J. Laider and P. S. Bunting, Oxford
University
Press, London.
Enzymes: M. Dixon, E. C. Webb, CJR Thorne and K. F. Tipton, Longmans, London.
Proteins: Thomas Creighton
Biochemistry: Lubert Stryer.
Elective paper: Any one from the list
- 13 -
IV SEMESTER
PS04CBIT01: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit -I
Cell & tissue culture in plants; callus cultures; in-vitro morphogenesis-organogenesis and
embryogenesis; Artificial Seeds, Micropropagation (Clonal propagation); Haploidy;
anther and ovule cultures, Embryo cultures; Protoplast isolation, culture and protoplast
fusion and somatic hybridization, Cybrids, Somaclonal Variation; in-vitro mutation
methods; Virus elimination, pathogen indexing; Cryopreservation.
Unit- II
Production of secondary metabolites; Sources of plant secondary metabolites; criteria for
cell selection, factors affecting the culture of cells; different bioreactors and their use in
secondary metabolite production; biochemical pathways for the production of different
secondary metabolites; and biotransformation.
Unit- III
Principles and methods of genetic engineering, and its applications in Agriculture.
Methods for genetic transformation and transgenic plants production through
Agrobacterim tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes; Gene transfer methods in plants; PEG-
mediated, microinjection, particle bombardment, electroporation, Molecular markers and
their importance in plant breeding, Marker Assisted Selection (MAS).
Unit- IV
Molecular plant pathology: Mechanisms of disease resistance in plants against pathogens;
Signalling pathways and molecular events during pathogen – plant interaction.
Biotechnology and intellectual property rights (IPR); Plant genetic resources GATT &
TRIPS; Patent for higher plant genes and DNA sequence
Reference Books:
Plant biotechnology – J Hammond, et. al., Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture for production of food ingredients – T J Fu, G Singh, et. al.
Biotechnology in crop improvement – H S Chawla.
Practical application of plant molecular biology – R J Henry, Chapman & Hall.
Elements of biotechnology – P K Gupta.
An introduction to plant tissue culture – M K Razdan.
Plant propagation by tissue culture: The technology (Vols. 1 & 2) – Edwin George.
Handbook of plant cell culture (Vols. 1 to 4) – Evans et. al., Macmillan.
Plant tissue and cell culture – H E Street, Blackwell Scientific.
Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants (Vols. 1 to 3) – A K Vasil, A. Press.
Plant cell culture technology – M M Yeoman.
Plant tissue culture and its biotechnological applications – W Bary, et. al., Springer
Verlag.
Principles of plant biotechnology: An introduction to genetic engineering in plants – S H
Mantel, et. al.
Advances in biochemical engineering / Biotechnology – Anderson, et. al.
Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell tissue and organ culture edited by Reinert
& Bajaj Y P S, Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture – S Narayanswamy, Tata Mc Graw Hill Co.
- 14 -
PS04CBIT02: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit- I
Issues and scopes of environmental biotechnology.
Waste water treatment- Waste water characterization and its significance: COD, BOD,
Inorganic constituents, solids, biological components. Primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment of waste water. Principles and aims of biological wastewater treatment
processes. Biochemistry and microbiology of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen
removal. Suspended growth technologies: Activated sludge, oxidation ditches, waste
stabilization ponds. Fixed film technologies: Trickling filters, rotating biological
contactors, fluidized bed and submerged aerated filters.
Unit- II
Toxicity testing in waste water treatment plants using microorganisms.
Anaerobic digestion: microbiological and biochemical fundamentals, factors influencing
anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic waste water treatment systems: RBC, UASB, anaerobic
filters. Merits and demerits of anaerobic treatment of waste.
Composting: Objectives, fundamentals, microbiology, factors influencing composting
and composting systems. Compost quality and uses. Vermicomposting.
Unit- III
Biodegradation of organic pollutants: Mechanisms and factors affecting biodegradation.
Pollution problems and biodegradation of simple aliphatic, aromatic, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, azo dyes, lignin and pesticides.
Bioremediation: Intrinsic bioremediation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation. In situ
and ex situ bioremediation technologies. Bioremediation of oil spills. Bioremediation of
heavy metal pollution, Phytoremediation. Use of GMO in bioremediation. Biological
treatment of waste gas (polluted air): biofilters, bioscrubbers, membrane bioreactors,
biotrickling filters.
Unit -IV
Biogeotechnology- Bioleaching of metals: Characteristics of commercially important
microbes, mechanisms of bioleaching, factors affecting bioleaching and current
biomining processes. Biobeneficiation of gold ores. Microbially enhanced oil recovery.
Biodesulfurization of coal: Removal of organic and inorganic sulfur from coal.
Microbial Insecticides: Bacterial, fungal and viral insecticides in pest management.
Biofertilizers: Nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers.
Reference Books:
Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol-4, Murray Moo Young.
Biotechnology-Rehm and Reid.
Waste water microbiology by G. Bitton
Biodegradation and bioremediation by M.Alexander
Waste water treatment for pollution control, 2nd edition. Arceivala
Environmental Biotechnology by H. Jordening and Josef Winter
Topic related review articles
Elective paper: Any two from the list
- 15 -
List of elective papers
PSCOEBIT01: BIOSTATISTICS
Unit I:
Data Collection and Presentation
Types of Biological Data: Qualitative Data -Nominal, Ordinal, Ranked; Quantitative Data:
Discrete and Continuous.
Understanding of Population and sample
Methods of Collection of Data: (i) Experimental Data and (ii) Survey Data- Simple random
sample(with and without replacement), stratified sampling and cluster sampling.
Tables: Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequencies.
Graphical Presentation: Bar charts, Histograms, Frequency Polygons, One way scatter plots, Box
plots, two-way scatter plots, line graphs.
Practicals Using MS-Excel.
Unit II:
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode, quartiles, deciles and percentiles (both
for raw data and grouped data)
Measures of Dispersion: Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, Standard Deviation and
Coefficient of Variation.
Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis.
Practicals Using MS-Excel.
Unit III:
Probability and Probability Distributions:
Random Experiment: Elementary outcomes, events, and Sample Space.
Mathematical Definition of Probability, Marginal Probability, Marginal Probability and
Conditional Probability. Independent Events. Some simple laws of probabilities(Statements
only).
Random Variables: Discrete and Continuous. Some examples from biological sciences.
Probability Distributions: Binomial Distribution, Standard Normal Distribution ,General Normal
Distribution; Sampling Distributions- t, chi-square and F distributions.
Unit IV:
Testing of hypotheses:
Statistical hypotheses: Null and Alternative hypotheses. Simple and Composite hypotheses.
Statistical Tests: Acceptance region and Rejection Region. Types of errors and power of the test.
Goodness of fit tests.
Significance Tests for Normal Distribution: One sample tests for mean – z test and t-test.
Two sample tests for normal distributions: Tests for means (i) when variances are known (ii)
when variances are unknown. Tests for equality of variances.
Paired t-test for equality of means.
Confidence Intervals
Bivariate and Multivariate Data
Some examples on bivariate and multivariate data. Correlation: Simple, partial and multiple
correlation Coefficients.
Regression: Simple and multiple linear regressions. Logistic Regression
Analysis of Variance: Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Block Design
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PSCOEBIT02: PHYTORESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
Plant Biodiversity : Concept, status in India, utilization and concerns.
Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Food, forage and fodder crops, (ii) fibre
crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants, and (iv) vegetable oil – yielding crops
Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal medicine; Scope
and potential applications.
Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of Herbarium
specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for voucher specimen and for
phytochemical screening; application of ethnomedicobotany.
Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin.
Forest products : Important timber yielding planting.
Timber types, identification diagnostic features, structure & quality
Important fire wood plants
Non Timber forest products bamboos, rattans, fibers pulp; gums, resins, tanins, lotex, fruits &
tubers.
Innovations for meeting world food demands.
Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics.
Principles of conservation; extincitons; environmental status of plants based on International
Union for Conservation of Nature.
Strategies for conservation – in situ conservation : International efforts and Indian initiatives;
protected areas in India – sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves
and coral reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity.
ex situ conservation : Principles and practices; botanical gardens, fields gene banks, seed banks,
in vitro repositories, cryobanks; general account of the activities of Botanical Survey of India
(BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) for conservation, non-formal conservation efforts.
Reference Books : Anonymous. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet).
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Arora, R. K. and Nayar, E. R. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science
Monograph.
Baker, H. G. Plants and Civilization. C. A. Wadsworth, Belmont.
Bole, P. V. and Vaghani, Y. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees. Oxford University Press,
Mumbai.
Chandel, K. P. S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in
India : Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Cristi, B. R. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture. Vol. I. In-situ conservation. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. The Useful Plants of India. Publications and
Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
Plant Wealth of India. Special Issue of Proceedings India National Science Academcy B – 63
Rodgers, N. A. and Panwar, H. S. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol. 1.
The Report Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
- 17 -
Sahni, K. C. The Book of India Trees, Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
Sharma, O. P. Hill’s Economic Botany. Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Swaminathan, M. S. and Kocchar, S. L. Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication Ltd., London.
Thakur, R. S., Puri, H. S. and Husain, A Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central Institute of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. S.K. Jain: A Manual of Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany
S.K.Jain, B.K. Sinha and R.C.Gupta: Notable plants in Ethnomedicine of India
J.K. Maheswari: Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Useful plants of India
Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search for new drugs
PSCOEBIT03: MICROTECHNIQUES
Unit- I
Light microscopy:- Optical corrections, Properties and types of objectives. Oculars,
Illumination.
Types of light microscopes: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence, phase contrast, polarizing,
differential interference contrast. Micrometry.
Electron microscopy: Basic components of electron microscopes. Thermionic and field
emission electron guns.
Types of electron microscopes: TEM, SEM, STEM, ESEM and HVEM
Unit- II
Fixation and storage: Classification of fixatives, formulas. (plant, animal and microbial
samples) Factors affecting fixation. Procedures for fixation. Dehydration, infiltration and
embedding. Media for embedding. Microtomes: Rotary, sliding cryostat, ultramicrotome and
freezing ultra microtome.
Unit- III
Preparation of biological samples for light and electron microscopy: Sectioning,
maceration, squash and clearing technique. Freeze etching and freeze fracturing. Stains for light
and electron microscopy. Staining procedures. Photomicrography.
Unit- IV
Histochemistry: Histo chemical localization of metabolites:- Starch, proteins, lipids, total
carbohydrates, lignin, polyphenols, nucleic acid, histones, cutin, suberin and waxes. Localization
of enzymes: Peroxidase, acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase.
Ultra structural cytochemistry:- Localization of tannin, protein, cell wall polysaccharide, lignin
and membrane. Immunocytochemistry
PSCOEBIT04: ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit -I
Structure and organization of animal cells, tissues and biology of cultured cells.
General out-line of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nerve tissue.
Cell adhesion; Junctions; Extracellular matrix; Cytoskeleton; Cell cycle; Differentiation;
Cell signaling; Energy metabolism
Aseptic condition and requirement of other equipments; Incubation; Storage;Different
substrates.
Unit -II
Introduction to the balanced salt solutions and growth medium:
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Media –Physical properties, balance salt solutions, complete media, serum, Serum-Free
media.
Chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium.
Role of carbon dioxide. Role of serum and supplements. Serum and protein free media
and their application.
Unit -III
Primary and established cell line culture. Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity.
Biology; Characterization and growth of the cultured cells; Disaggregation of tissue and
primary culture; Maintenance of cell culture; Cell cloning and cell separation; Cell
differentiation; Cell synchronization and transformation; Measurement of cell death and
apoptosis.
Unit -IV
Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro
Culture of s[pecialized cells: Epithelia; Mesenchymal and connective tissues; Muscles;
Neuroectoderm; Endocrine; Hematopoietic cells; Tumor cells
Embryonic stem cells stem cell culture and their applications.
Embryo technology and transgenic animals
References :
Freshney, R. I: Culture of Animal Cells. Wiley-Liss.
Masters, J. R. W. (ed): Animal Cell Culture – Practical Approach, Oxford Univ. Press.
Basega, R. (ed): Cell Growth and Division: A Practical Approach. IRL Press.
Butler, M and Dawson, M. (eds.).: Cell Culture Lab Fax, Eds., Bios Scientific
Publications Ltd., Oxford.
Clynes, M. (ed).: Animal Cell Culture Techniques. Springer.
Mather, J.P and Barnes, D. (eds). : Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Animal Cell
Culture Methods. Academic Press.
PSCOEBIT05: BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit- I
Carbohydrates : Occurrence, classification, structure and functions, active groups and chemical
properties of sugars, Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides,
Mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycolipids and blood group polysaccharides;
Carbohydrate metabolism: aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic pathways, TCA cycle and various
fates of Glucose 6 Phosphate in a cell - Gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
Unit- II
Bioenergetics, Energy transformations in cell, ATP Cycle, High energy compounds; Electron
transport chain order and organization of carriers, proton gradient, iron sulphur proteins,
cytochromes and their characterization, respiratory controls and oxidative phosphorylation,
uncouplers and inhibitors of energy transfer. ATP- synthetase complex.
Unit -III
Structure and properties of lipids, fatty acids, phsopholipids and other derived lipids; structure
and functions of lipoproteins, cholesterol, steroids and prostaglandins, membranes; Lipid
metabolism: α, β and δ oxidation of fatty acids, metabolism of fatty acids with even and odd
- 19 -
carbon atoms, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Metabolism and synthesis of phospholipids,
glycolipids and sphinglipids; Ketone bodies –formation and degradation, Mobilization of fats.
Unit- IV
Proteins structure: Classification of amino acids; Primary, secondary, tertiaryand quaternary
structure of proteins. Determination of protein structure and its analysis, Ramachandran plot.
Hydropathy plot, Protein folding. Metabolism : Biosynthesis and metabolism of individual
amino acids. Urea cycle. Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis, degradation and regulation of Purines
and Pyrimidines. Interrelationship of protein, carbohydrate and Lipid metabolism; In born errors
of metabolism.
Reference Books:
Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry: D. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, Macmillan, Worth
Pub. Inc., NY.
Harper’s Biochemistry: R. K. Murray and others. Appleton and Lange, Stanford.
PSCOEBIT06: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Unit I
Blood-composition and functions of plasma, erythrocytes including Hb, leucocytes and
thrombocytes and plasma proteins. Hemoglobinopathies, thalassemias and anemias. Blood
clotting – extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting, laboratory test to measure
coagulation and thrombolysis.
Unit II
Digestive system – Composition, functions and regulation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic intestinal
and bile secretions – digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins nucleic acids,
minerals and vitamins.
Unit III
Excretory system – structure of nephron formulation of urine, glomerular filteration, GFR,
tubular reabsorption of glucose. The Muscular System – Types of muscles and their functions
Unit IV Nervous System- Structure of neuron, function and organization of nervous system, Nerve
impulse transmission.
Endocrine glands – secretion and function Reproduction, pregnancy and lactation. Hormonal
disturbances.
Reference Books:
Molecular Biology of the cells : Alberts et. al., Garland Publications Inc. NY
Cell and Molecular Biology by E D P de Robertis and E M F de Robertis.
Text book of Medical Physiology by A. C. Guyton and J. E. Harcourt.
Text book of Medical Physiology by Garong.
Text book of Biochemistry and Human Biology by Talwar.
Principles of anatomy and physiology by Tortora Grabowski, 10th edition
PSCOEBIT07: GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
UNIT I
The rise of ‘omics
Impact on other fields of study (e.g.metabolomics, toxicogenomics, chemical genomics,
pharmacogenomics) The structure, function and evolution of the human genome. Strategies for large-scale sequencing
projects. Human disease genes; approaches for determining gene expression patterns and
functions.
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UNIT II
Genomic mapping and sequence analysis Comparative genomics, synteny, genome evolution
Sequencing and individual variation Next generation sequencing and its utility for understanding individual variation and disease.
UNIT III
Protein structure and its prediction
Protein structure, secondary structure and super-secondary structure. Mechanisms of protein folding,
tertiary folds. Formation of bloomers. Relationship between protein structure and function. Prions.
Structure prediction and
human proteomics. Mutant proteins.
Use of computer simulations and knowledge-based methods in the design process. De-novo design.
Protein structure and drug discovery, Proteins in disease
UNIT IV
Comprehensive mutant libraries High throughput gene knockout, gene targeting, gene trapping, genome-wide mutagenesis
Mapping protein interactions Methods – two hybrid, phage display, mass spectrometry.
Reference Books:
PSCOEBIT09: Bioethics, Bio-safety and IPR
Unit I
Biotechnology and social responsibility, public acceptance issues in biotechnology, issues of
access, ownership, monopoly, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, benefit sharing,
environmental sustainability, public vs private funding, biotechnology in international relations,
globalization and development divide.
Introduction to bioethics: Social and ethical issues in biotechnology. Principles of bioethics.
Ethical conflicts in biotechnology- interference with nature, unequal distribution of risk and
benefits of biotechnology, bioethics vs business ethics.
Unit II
Biosafety: Definition of bio-safety, Biotechnology and bio-safety concerns at the level of
individuals, institutions, society, region, country and world with special emphasis on Indian
concerns.
Biosafety in laboratory institution: laboratory associated infection and other hazards, assessment
of biological hazards and level of biosafety.
Bio safety regulation: handling of recombinant DNA products and process in industry and in
institutions (Indian context).
Unit III
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Introduction to IPR: IPR, forms of IPR and Intellectual property protection. Concept of property
with respect to intellectual creativity, Tangible and Intangible property.
WTO: agency controlling trade among nations, WTO with reference to biotechnological affairs,
TRIPs. WIPO, EPO.
Unit IV
Concept related to patents novelty, non-obviousness, utility, anticipation, prior art etc. Type of
patents. Indian patent act and foreign patents.
Patentability, Patent application, Revocation of patent, Infringement and Litigation with case
studies on patent, Commercialization and Licensing.
Books Recommended:
1. Fleming, D.A., Hunt, D.L., (2000). Biotechnology and Safety Assessment (3rd Ed)
Academic press.ISBN-1555811804,9781555811808.
2. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (1999). Biotechnology and safety assessment (3rd Ed). CRC
press, Washington. ISBN: 1560327219, 9781560327219
3. Law and Strategy of biotechnological patents by Sibley. Butterworth publication.(2007)
ISBN: 075069440, 9780750694445.
4. Intellectual property rights- Ganguli-Tat McGrawhill. (2001) ISBN-10: 0074638602,
5. Intellectual Property Right- Wattal- Oxford Publicatiopn House.(1997)
ISBN:0195905024.
6. Biotechnology - A comprehensive treatise (Vol. 12). Legal economic and ethical
dimensions VCH. (2nd
ed) ISBN-10 3527304320.
7. Encyclopedia of Bioethics 5 vol set, (2003) ISBN-10: 0028657748.
8. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (2002). Biotechnology and safety Assessment (3rd
Ed)
Academic press.
9. B.D. Singh. Biotechnology expanding horizons.
10. H.K.Das. Text book of biotechnology 3rd
edition.
Recommended