Mrs. Hatcher Modern European History Mrs. Hatcher Modern European History

Mrs. Hatcher

Modern European History

Mrs. Hatcher

Modern European History

V. The Northern Renaissance

V. The Northern Renaissance

A. Christian Humanism:1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform church

a. less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece & Rome

b. many historians today see more continuity between the Northern & Italian Renaissance than contrasts

V. The Northern Renaissance

V. The Northern Renaissance

2. Drew on Hebrew & Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers3. Emphasized education & power of human intellect to bring about institutional change & moral4. Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation

B. Erasmus (1466-1536)B. Erasmus (1466-1536)1. Most famous and celebrated of all

northern humanists2. Master of the Greek lang.; one of

Europe’s foremost authorities3. Made new translations of the New

Testament to create “purer” editions4. He was the first humanist to earn a

living by writing- an extremely impressive achievement.

B. ErasmusB. Erasmus5. In Praise of Folly (1513)

a. Best seller (only Bible sold more by 1550)

* written in Latin not for mass consumption

b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy itc. Satirized people’s worldly ambitions, Incl. clergyd. Criticized immorality & hypocrisy of church leaders and clergy

B. ErasmusB. Erasmuse. The book inspired renewed calls for

reform, and influenced Martin Luther

C. Thomas More (1478-1536)

C. Thomas More (1478-1536)

1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest gov’t position of any humanist

2. Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiecea. mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect society located on an imaginary islandb. More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it – most do not

C. Thomas MoreC. Thomas Morec. in order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good

d. War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th c do not exist in Utopia

F. William Shakespeare (1564-1592)

F. William Shakespeare (1564-1592)

1. Greatest of the English Renaissance authors

2. His works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek & Roman Culture, individualism and humanism

3. Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, and sonnets

G. Miguel de CervantesG. Miguel de Cervantes1. Among the greatest pieces of

Spanish literature2. Critical of excessive religious

idealism chivalric romance

Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

, Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.

, But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was

widely adopted in Italy.

, The differences between the two cultures: Italy change was inspired by humanism

with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.

No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.

, More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art

, The continuation of late medieval attention to details.

, Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].

, Interest in landscapes., More emphasis on middle-class

and peasant life., Details of domestic interiors., Great skill in portraiture.

Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)

, More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to

the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.

, The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Van Eyck -Adoration of the

Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

Van Eyck:

The Crucifixion

&

The Last Judgment 1420-1425

Van Eyck:

The Crucifixion

&

The Last Judgment 1420-1425

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

The Depositio

n

1435

van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)van der Weyden’s

Deposition (details)

Quentin Massys (1465-1530)

Quentin Massys (1465-1530)

, Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus.

, Influenced by

da Vinci., Thomas More

called him “the renovator of the old art.”

, The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530

Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

Renaissance Art in FranceRenaissance Art in France, A new phase of Italian influence in

France began with the French invasions of the Italian peninsula that began in 1494.

, The most important royal patron was Francis I.Actively encouraged humanistic

learning. Invited da Vinci and Andrea del Sarto

to France.He collected paintings by the great

Italian masters like Titian, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525

Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525

The School of FontainebleauThe School of Fontainebleau

, It revolved around the artists at Francis I’s Palace at Fontainebleau.

, A group of artists that decorated the Royal Palace between the 1530s and the 1560s.

, It was an offshoot of the Mannerist School of Art begun in Italy at the end of the High Renaissance. characterized by a refined elegance, with

crowded figural compositions in which painting and elaborate stucco work were closely integrated.

Their work incorporated allegory in accordance with the courtly liking for symbolism.

The School of FontainebleauThe School of Fontainebleau

, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio

, 1528-1537

Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)

, The Deposition of Christ, Bronze, 1580-1585.

Jean Goujon(1510-1565)Jean Goujon(1510-1565)

“Nymph,”1548-1549

“Nymph & Putto,”1547-1549

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)

, Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553.

, His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

Lucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the Elder

Old Man with a Young Woman

Amorous Old Woman with a Young Man

Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528)

Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528)

, Converted to Lutheranism.

, Possibly involved in the Peasants’ Revolt on the peasants side.

, Depictions of intense emotion, especially painful emotion.

, The Mocking of Christ, 1503

Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502

Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502

Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517

Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517

The Triumphal Arch, details

The Triumphal Arch, details

The Triumphal Arch, details

The Triumphal Arch, details

Dürer

FourHorsemen

of theApocalyps

e

woodcut, 1498

Dürer

FourHorsemen

of theApocalyps

e

woodcut, 1498

Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)

Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)

, One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.

, While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523

, Henry VIII was his

patron from 1536., Great portraitist noted

for: Objectivity &

detachment. Doesn’t conceal the

weaknesses of his subjects.

Artist to the TudorsArtist to the Tudors

Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

The English Were More Interested in Architecture

than Painting

The English Were More Interested in Architecture

than Painting

Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more

medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Cecil

Burghley House for William Cecil

The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Cureof Folly

1478-1480

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Cureof Folly

1478-1480

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Temptation of St. Anthony

1506-1507

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Temptation of St. Anthony

1506-1507

Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562

Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568

Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568

Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559

Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559

Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562

Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562

Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565

Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565

Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565

Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565

Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco)

Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco)

, The most important Spanish artist of this period was Greek.

, 1541 – 1614., He deliberately distorts & elongates

his figures, and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere.

, He uses an agitated, flickering light., He ignores the rules of perspective,

and heightens the effect by areas of brilliant color.

, His works were a fitting expression of the Spanish Counter-Reformation.

VI. Women during the Renaissance

VI. Women during the Renaissance

A. Wealthy Women1. Querelles des Femmes (“The

Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women - debate cont. for 600 years!!!

2. Women enjoyed increased access to education

3. Lost status from the women of the Middle Ages

4. Women to make themselves pleasing to man (upper class only)

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…5. Sexual double standard: women

were to remain chaste until marriage, men permitted to “Sow their wild oats”

6. Important Ren. Womena. Christine de Pisan (1363?-1434?) The

City of Ladies; The Book of Three Virtues Chronicle of acc. Of great women in

historyWomen’s survival manual of the

RenaissanceFirst feministWell – educated

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…b. Isabella d Este (1474-1539) “First

Lady” of the Renaissancewanted women to break away, no

longer to be ornaments to menRuled Mantua after husband diedWell educatedPatron of the artsFounded a school for young girlsWrote 2000 essays – provide window in

to life of royalty & politics

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…c. Artemesia Gentilleschi

Considered a Baroque painterFirst women to paint religious and

historical scene

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…C. Peasant and lower-class women1. Status did not change much

compared to Middle Ages2. Marriagea. European Family Pattern

Nuclear family – poor people tended to be unable to support extended families

Wealthier people tended to have extended families

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…b. Based on economic considerations;

not loveDowries were extremely important in

wealthy familiesWomen tended to play a more

significant role in the economy in Northern Europe

c. Average age for women: less than 20 (men mid-late 20s)Class issues: rich tend to marry earlier

than middle class, poor tend to marry earlier as well

Large age gap in Italian marriages

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…d. Increased infanticide and

abandonment (poor) Increased of foundling hospitals (2/3

abandoned babies were girlsLow rate of illegitimate births

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…e. Dramatic population growth until

1650why?

-divorce b/c somewhat available-Rape not considered a serious

crime-increase in prostitution

C. Important Female Rulers:1. Caterina Sforza: Milan2. Isabella I: Spain3. Mary I: England4. Elizabeth I: England5. Catherine de Medicis: France

VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…D. Women were also persecuted as

witches

VI. Women Cont.VI. Women Cont., E. Joan Kelly (historian): Did Women

have a Renaissance? 1977

, 1. noble/middle class women social status declined during the Italian Ren.

, 2. Middle class women kept in private sphere while men worked outside

, 3. Sexual chastity for women but not men

, 4. as feudalism died so did women’s role in political power

, 5. tutors-once been female changed to male…

El Greco

Christ in

Agony on the Cross

1600s

El Greco

Christ in

Agony on the Cross

1600s

El Greco

Portrait of aCardinal

1600

El Greco

Portrait of aCardinal

1600

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588

(details)

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588

(details)

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,

1578-1580

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,

1578-1580

El Greco

The View

of Toledo

1597-1599

El Greco

The View

of Toledo

1597-1599

ConclusionsConclusions

, The artistic production of Northern Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and complex.

, The Northern Renaissance ended with a Mannerist phase, which lasted a generation longer in the North than it did in Italy, where it was outmoded by 1600.

Giovanni Arnolfini and His

Wife

(Wedding Portrait)

Jan Van

Eyck

1434

Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife

(details)

Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife

(details)

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

, The greatest of German artists.

, A scholar as well as an artist.

, His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I.

, Also a scientist Wrote books on

geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.

, Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.

, Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

Dürer

The Last Supper

woodcut, 1510

Dürer

The Last Supper

woodcut, 1510

Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533

Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533

A Skull

Multiple PerspectivesMultiple Perspectives

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

, A pessimistic view of human nature., Had a wild and lurid

imagination. Fanciful monsters &

apparitions., Untouched by the

values of the Italian Quattrocento, like mathematical perspective. His figures are flat. Perspective is ignored.

, More a landscape painter than a portraitist., Philip II of Spain was an admirer of his work.

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Garden

of Earthy

Delights

1500

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Garden

of Earthy

Delights

1500

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Garden

of Earthy Delights(details)

1500

Hieronymus

Bosch

The Garden

of Earthy Delights(details)

1500

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)

, One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age.

, Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels.

, In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.

, Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies.

, A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. People in his works often have round, blank,

heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and

sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa

Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa

Leonardo da VinciLast Supper

Leonardo da VinciLast Supper

BrunelleschiDome

BrunelleschiDome

Michelangelo“David”

Michelangelo“David”

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine

Chapel

Raphael“School of Athens”

Raphael“School of Athens”

Renaissance Artist Test

Renaissance Artist Test

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