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INDEX
CHAPTER 1. ABSTRACT
CHAPTER2.INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDED SYSTEMS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO MICROCNTROLLER
3.1 AT89C51
3.2 FEATURES
3.3 TIMERS
3.4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
3.5 INTERRUPTS
CHAPTER 4. POWER SUPPLY
CHAPTER 5. SPECIFIED TECHNOLOGY
5.1L293D
5.2DC MOTOR
CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION
7.1 CONCLUSION
7.2 REFERENCE
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BOMB DETECTION ROBOT
The pree!" #!$e!"#%! pr%$#&e ' #(p)e '!& re)'"#$e)* )%+ ,%" +'* %- per-%r(#! '
(e"') %r /%(/ &e"e,"#%! "e" %! "he "e" *"e( "% &e"er(#!e +he"her %r !%" "he *"e( # 0/e,""% /%(/ ep)%#%!. The (e"') &e"e,"%r +#)) /e -#e& #! "he pre&e"er(#!e& 're' "% ,he, "he
p%#/#)#"* %- ' (e"') %r ' /%(/. I- "here # '! e#"e!,e %- (e"') #! "h'" 're' "he (e"') &e"e,"%r
#&e!"#-#e "he (e"') '!& #!"#('"e "h# "% "he ,%!"r%))#! 0!#". S#!,e "he h0('! ,'!!%" e!"er #!"%
"he 're' +here "here "he /%(/ %r (e"') # pree!" ' R%/%" # e(p)%*e& "% (%$e #! "he #(0)'"e&
e!$#r%!(e!" '!& ,%!"#!0%0)* (%!#"%r "he "'"0 %- "he (e"') &e"e,"%r #! "h'" p'r"#,0)'r 're'.
The *"e( # e!"#re)* '! '0"%('"e& &e#!. The (#,r%,%!"r%))er p)'* ' $#"') r%)e #! "h#
pr%e,". The ,%!"r%))#! e,"#%! +#)) /e -#e& "% "he r%/%". The ,%!"r%))#! ,%!"'#! "he
(#,r%,%!"r%))er (e"') &e"e,"%r '!& "he /0er ,#r,0#".
The (#,r%,%!"r%))er ,%!"#!0%0)* (%!#"%r "he %0"p0" %- "he (e"') &e"e,"%r. I- '!* (e"')
# -%0!& "he (e"') &e"e,"%r re,%!#e #" '!& #" %0"p0" ,h'!e #((e'"e)*. The
(#,r%,%!"r%))er &e"e," "h# '!& #((e'"e)* ')er" "he /0er.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE TOOLS
S!"#$%&' T!!()
1. 6e#) ,%(p#)er
2. Or,'&.
H%&*$%&' T!!()
1. M#,r%,%!"r%))er AT89S52.
2. Me"') &e"e,"%r.3. B0er ,#r,0#"
4. DC (%"%r '!& L293D -%r R%/%".
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B(!+, *-%&%/
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
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An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or
a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints !t is usually
embedded as part of a complete de"ice including hardware and mechanical parts !n contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tas#s
depending on programming Embedded systems ha"e become "ery important today as they
control many of the common de"ices we use
$ince the embedded system is dedicated to specific tas#s, design engineers can
optimi%e it, reducing the si%e and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance $ome embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of
scale
Physically, embedded systems range from portable de"ices such as digital watches and
&P' players, to large stationary installations li#e traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems
controlling nuclear power plants Comple(ity "aries from low, with a single microcontroller chip,
to "ery high with multiple units, peripherals and networ#s mounted inside a large chassis or
enclosure
!n general, )embedded system) is not an e(actly defined term, as many systems ha"e
some element of programmability *or e(ample, Handheld computers share some elements
with embedded systems + such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power
them + but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be
loaded and peripherals to be connected
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either
fi(ed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular #ind of
application de"ice !ndustrial machines, automobiles, medical euipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, "ending machines, and toys as well as the more ob"ious cellular phone
and P.A/ are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system Embedded systems
that are programmable are pro"ided with a programming interface, and embedded systems
programming is a speciali%ed occupation
Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded mar#et,
such as Embedded 0a"a and 1indows P Embedded Howe"er, some low-end consumer
products use "ery ine(pensi"e microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and
operating system both part of a single program The program is written permanently into the
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system3s memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RA& random access memory/, as
programs on a personal computer are
2.1 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1e are li"ing in the Embedded 1orld 4ou are surrounded with many embedded
products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets
Tele"ision, Radio, C. player of your li"ing room, 1ashing &achine or &icrowa"e 5"en in your
#itchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm de"ices of your wor# space enable you to do
many of your tas#s "ery effecti"ely Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car
ta#e care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all
these controllers
!n recent days, you are showered with "ariety of information about these embedded
controllers in many places All #inds of maga%ines and 6ournals regularly dish out details about
latest technologies, new de"ices7 fast applications which ma#e you belie"e that your basic
sur"i"al is controlled by these embedded products 8ow you can agree to the fact that these
embedded products ha"e successfully in"aded into our world 4ou must be wondering about
these embedded controllers or systems 1hat is this Embedded $ystem9
The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analy%e the
database is #nown as the standard des#top computer These des#top computers are
manufactured to ser"e many purposes and applications
4ou need to install the rele"ant software to get the reuired processing facility $o, these
des#top computers can do many things !n contrast, embedded controllers carryout a specific
wor# for which they are designed &ost of the time, engineers design these embedded
controllers with a specific goal in mind $o these controllers cannot be used in any other place
Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor based
hardware and the suitable software to underta#e a specific tas#
These days designers ha"e many choices in microprocessors:microcontrollers
Especially, in ; bit and '2 bit, the a"ailable "ariety really may o"erwhelm e"en an e(perienced
designer $electing a right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult first step and it is
getting complicated as new de"ices continue to pop-up "ery often
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!n the ; bit segment, the most popular and used architecture is !ntel3s ;
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Ele"troni" a!!li"ation and "on&%er de'i"e
As the number of powerful embedded processors in consumer de"ices continues to rise, the
Blue Cat@ ?inu(@ operating system pro"ides a highly reliable and royalty-free option for
systems designers
And as the wireless appliance re"olution rolls on, web-enabled na"igation systems, radios,
personal communication de"ices, phones and P.As all benefit from the cost-effecti"e
dependability, pro"en stability and full product life-cycle support opportunities associated with
Blue Cat embedded ?inu( Blue Cat has teamed up with industry leaders to ma#e it easier to
build ?inu( mobile phoneswith 0a"a integration
*or ma#ers of low-cost consumer electronic de"ices who wish to integrate the ?yn(5$ real-
time operating system into their products, we offer special &$RP-based pricing to reduce
royalty fees to a negligible portion of the de"ice3s &$RP
Ind&trial a&to%ation and !ro"e "ontrol o#t$are
.esigners of industrial and process control systems#now from e(perience that ?ynu(1or#s
operating systems pro"ide the security and reliability that their industrial applications
reuire*rom !$5 D
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CHAPTER '
!8TR5.CT!58 T5 &!CR5C58TR5??ER$
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MICRO CONTROLLER ()C*1
I0#&!*+#-!0
A M#,r% ,%!"r%))er ,%!#" %- ' p%+er-0) CPU "#h")* ,%0p)e& +#"h (e(%r* $'r#%0 IO
#!"er-',e 0,h ' er#') p%r" p'r'))e) p%r" "#(er %r ,%0!"er #!"err0p" ,%!"r%))er &'"' ',0##"#%!
#!"er-',eA!')% "% D##"') ,%!$er"er D##"') "% A!')% ,%!$er"er #!"er'"e& %! "% ' #!)e
#)#,%! ,h#p.
I- ' *"e( # &e$e)%pe& +#"h ' (#,r%pr%,e%r "he &e#!er h' "% % -%r e"er!')
(e(%r* 0,h ' RAM ROM EPROM '!& per#pher'). B0" ,%!"r%))er # pr%$#&e& ')) "hee
-',#)#"#e %! ' #!)e ,h#p. De$e)%p(e!" %- ' M#,r% ,%!"r%))er re&0,e PCB #e '!& ,%" %-
&e#!.
O!e %- "he ('%r --ere!,e /e"+ee! ' M#,r%pr%,e%r '!& ' M#,r% ,%!"r%))er # "h'" '
,%!"r%))er %-"e! &e') +#"h /#" !%" /*"e ' #! "he re') +%r)& 'pp)#,'"#%!.
I!"e) h' #!"r%&0,e& ' -'(#)* %- M#,r% ,%!"r%))er ,'))e& "he MCS51.
T' M%!& F'%#&')
C%(p'"#/)e +#"h MCS51 pr%&0,"
4 B*"e %- #!*"e( Repr%r'(('/)e -)'h (e(%r*
F0))* "'"#, %per'"#%!: ;
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controller satisfactorily ser"es the abo"e application sing an ine(pensi"e ;-bit &icrocontroller
will doom the '2-bit product failure in any competiti"e mar#et place
C%(#! "% "he 0e"#%! %- +h* "% 0e AT89C51 %- ')) "he 8/#" (#,r%,%!"r%))er '$'#)'/)e
#! "he ('re" "he ('#! '!+er +%0)& /e /e,'0e #" h' 4 6/ %! ,h#p -)'h (e(%r* +h#,h # 0"0--#,#e!" -%r %0r 'pp)#,'"#%!. The %!,h#p F)'h ROM '))%+ "he pr%r'( (e(%r* "% /e
repr%r'((e& #! *"e( %r /* ,%!$e!"#%!') !%!$%)'"#)e (e(%r* Pr%r'((er. M%re%$er
ATMEL # "he )e'&er #! -)'h "e,h!%)%* #! "%&'*@ ('re" p)',e '!& he!,e 0#! AT 89C51 #
"he %p"#(') %)0"#%!.
AT()C*1 MICROCONTROLLER ARC-ITECTURE
The ;DC>= architecture consists of these specific featuresG
Eight bit CP with registers A the accumulator/ and B
$i(teen-bit program counter PC/ and data pointer .PTR/
Eight- bit stac# pointer P$1/
Eight-bit stac# pointer $p/
!nternal R5& or EPR5& ;>=/ of
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*ig G *unctional bloc# diagram of micro controller
T,e ()C*1 o"illator and "lo"/
The he'r" %- "he 89C51 ,#r,0#"r* "h'" e!er'"e "he ,)%, p0)e /* +h#,h ')) "he #!"er!')
')) #!"er!') %per'"#%! 're *!,hr%!#e&. P#! TAL1 A!& TAL2 # pr%$#&e& -%r ,%!!e,"#! '
re%!'!" !e"+%r "% -%r( '! %,#))'"%r. T*p#,'))* ' 0'r" ,r*"') '!& ,'p',#"%r 're e(p)%*e&.
The ,r*"') -re0e!,* # "he /'#, #!"er!') ,)%, -re0e!,* %- "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er. The
('!0-',"0rer ('e 89C51 &e#! "h'" r0! '" pe,#-#, (#!#(0( '!& ('#(0( -re0e!,#e
"*p#,'))* 1 "% 1 M
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O,#))'"%r '!& "#(#! ,#r,0#"
Ty!e o# %e%ory/
The ;DC>= ha"e three general types of memory They are on-chip memory, e(ternal
Code memory and e(ternal Ram 5n-Chip memory refers to physically e(isting memory on the
micro controller itself E(ternal code memory is the code memory that resides off chip This is
often in the form of an e(ternal EPR5& E(ternal RA& is the Ram that resides off chip This
often is in the form of standard static RA& or flash RA&
a0 Code %e%ory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual ;DC>= programs that is to be run
This memory is limited to FI Code memory may be found on-chip or off-chip !t is possible to
ha"e FI of code memory on-chip and
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0 Internal RAM
The ;DC>= ha"e a ban# of =2; of internal RA& The internal RA& is found on-chip $o it
is the fastest Ram a"ailable And also it is most fle(ible in terms of reading and writing !nternal
Ram is "olatile, so when ;DC>= is reset, this memory is cleared =2; bytes of internal memory
are subdi"ided The first '2 bytes are di"ided into F register ban#s Each ban# contains ;
registers !nternal RA& also contains =2; bits, which are addressed from 2
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architecture7 low power7 high reliability
ROM
Read-5nly &emory
&ature, high-density, reliable, low cost7
time-consuming mas# reuired, suitable
for high production with stable code
SRAM
$tatic Random-Access &emory
Highest speed, high-power, low-density
memory7 limited density dri"es up cost
EPROM
Electrically Programmable Read-5nly
&emory
High-density memory7 must be e(posed
to ultra"iolet light for erasure
EEPROMorE2PROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-5nly &emory
Electrically byte-erasable7 lower
reliability, higher cost, lowest density
DRAM
.ynamic Random Access &emory
High-density, low-cost, high-speed,
high-power
Te",ni"al O'er'ie$ o# Fla, Me%ory
*lash memory is a non"olatile memory using 85R technology, which allows the user to
electrically program and erase information !ntel@ *lash memory uses memory cells similar to
an EPR5&, but with a much thinner, precisely grown o(ide between the floating gate and the
source *lash programming occurs when electrons are placed on the floating gate The charge
is stored on the floating gate, with the o(ide layer allowing the cell to be electrically erased
through the source !ntel *lash memory is an e(tremely reliable non"olatile memory
architecture
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F# 8: P#! 'r'( %- AT89C51
Pin De"ri!tion/
CC/ $upply "oltage
3ND/ Lround
Port 4/
P%r" ; # '! 8/#" %pe!&r'#! /#re,"#%!') IO p%r". A '! %0"p0" p%r" e',h p#! ,'! #!
e#h" TTL #!p0". he! %!e@ 're +r#""e! "% p%r" ; p#! "he p#! ,'! /e 0e& ' h#h #(pe&'!,e
#!p0". P%r" ; ('* ')% /e ,%!-#0re& "% /e "he (0)"#p)ee& )%+ %r&er '&&re&'"' /0 &0r#!
',,ee "% e"er!') pr%r'( '!& &'"' (e(%r*. I! "h# (%&e P; h' #!"er!') p0))0p. P%r" ; ')%
re,e#$e "he ,%&e /*"e &0r#! F)'h pr%r'((#! '!& %0"p0" "he ,%&e /*"e &0r#! pr%r'(
$er#-#,'"#%!. E"er!') p0))0p 're re0#re& &0r#! pr%r'( $er#-#,'"#%!.
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Port 1/
P%r" 1 # '! 8/#" /#re,"#%!') IO p%r" +#"h #!"er!') p0))0p. The P%r" 1 %0"p0" /0--er
,'! #!%0r,e -%0r TTL #!p0". he! 1 're +r#""e! "% P%r" 1 p#! "he* 're p0))e& h#h /* "he
#!"er!') p0))0p '!& ,'! /e 0e& ' #!p0". A #!p0" P%r" 1 p#! "h'" 're e"er!'))* /e#! p0))e&)%+ +#)) %0r,e ,0rre!" IIL /e,'0e %- "he #!"er!') p0))0p. P%r" 1 ')% re,e#$e "he )%+%r&er
'&&re /*"e &0r#! F)'h pr%r'((#! '!& $er#-#,'"#%!.
Port 2/
P%r" 2 # '! 8/#" /#re,"#%!') IO p%r" +#"h #!"er!') p0))0p. The P%r" 2 %0"p0" /0--er
,'! #!%0r,e -%0r TTL #!p0". he! 1 're +r#""e! "% P%r" 2 p#! "he* 're p0))e& h#h /* "he
#!"er!') p0))0p '!& ,'! /e 0e& ' #!p0". A #!p0" P%r" 2 p#! "h'" 're e"er!'))* /e#! p0))e&)%+ +#)) %0r,e ,0rre!" IIL /e,'0e %- "he #!"er!') p0))0p. P%r" 2 e(#" "he h#h%r&er '&&re
/*"e &0r#! -e",he -r%( e"er!') pr%r'( (e(%r* '!& &0r#! ',,ee "% e"er!') &'"'
(e(%r#e "h'" 0e 1/#" '&&ree MO GDPTR. I! "h# 'pp)#,'"#%! #" 0e "r%! #!"er!')
p0))0p +he! e(#""#! 1. D0r#! ',,ee "% e"er!') &'"' (e(%r#e "h'" 0e 8/#" '&&ree
MO G RI P%r" 2 e(#" "he ,%!"e!" %- "he P2 Spe,#') F0!,"#%! Re#"er. P%r" 2 ')%
re,e#$e "he h#h%r&er '&&re /#" '!& %(e ,%!"r%) #!') &0r#! F)'h pr%r'((#! '!&
$er#-#,'"#%!.
Port 5/
Port ' is an ;-bit bi-directional !:5 port with internal pull-ups The Port ' output buffers
can sin#:source four TT? inputs 1hen =s are written to Port ' pins they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs As inputs, Port ' pins that are e(ternally being
pulled low will source current !!?/ because of the pull-ups
Port ' also ser"es the functions of "arious special features of the AT;DC>= as listed belowG
Port ' also recei"es some control signals for *lash programming and "erification
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Tab 2= Port pins and their alternate functions
RST/
Reset input A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the de"ice
ALE6PRO3/
A&&re L'",h E!'/)e %0"p0" p0)e -%r )'",h#! "he )%+ /*"e %- "he '&&re &0r#!
',,ee "% e"er!') (e(%r*. Th# p#! # ')% "he pr%r'( p0)e #!p0" PROH &0r#! F)'h
pr%r'((#!. I! !%r(') %per'"#%! ALE # e(#""e& '" ' ,%!"'!" r'"e %- 1"he %,#))'"%r
-re0e!,* '!& ('* /e 0e& -%r e"er!') "#(#! %r ,)%,#! p0rp%e. N%"e h%+e$er "h'" %!e
ALE p0)e # #ppe& &0r#! e',h ',,e "% e"er!') D'"' Me(%r*.
!f desired, A?E operation can be disabled by setting bit < of $*R location ;EH 1ith the bit set,
A?E is acti"e only during a &5M or &5MC instruction 5therwise, the pin is pulled high
$etting the A?E-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in e(ternal e(ecution mode
PSEN/
Pr%r'( S"%re E!'/)e # "he re'& "r%/e "% e"er!') pr%r'( (e(%r*. he! "he
AT89C51 # ee,0"#! ,%&e -r%( e"er!') pr%r'( (e(%r* PSEN # ',"#$'"e& "+#,e e',h
(',h#!e ,*,)e e,ep" "h'" "+% PSEN ',"#$'"#%! 're #ppe& &0r#! e',h ',,e "% e"er!') &'"'
(e(%r*.
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EA6PP/
E(ternal Access Enable EA must be strapped to L8. in order to enable the de"ice to
fetch code from e(ternal program memory locations starting at
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*ig D 5scillator Connections
*ig =< E(ternal Cloc# .ri"e Configuration
N!#'):
2 nder steady state non-transient/ conditions, !5? must be e(ternally
limited as followsG
&a(imum !5? per port pin G =< mA
&a(imum !5? per ;-bit port G Port < G 2 mA
Ports =, 2, 'G => mA
&a(imum total !5? for all output pinsG = mA
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!f !5? e(ceeds the test condition, M5? may e(ceed the related specification Pins are
not guaranteed to sin# current greater than the listed test conditions
2. &inimum MCC for Power-down is 2M
RE3ISTERS/
!n the CP, registers are used to store information temporarily That information could
be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched The "ast
ma6ority of ;= registers are ;bit registers !n the ;= there is only one data typeG ;bits
The ;bits of a register are shown in the diagram from the &$B most significant bit/ . to the
?$B least significant bit/ .
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1. The Spe,#') -0!,"#%! re#"er h'$e '&&ree /e"+ee! 8;< '!& FF
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8
T2&5
.
Timer:counter mode2 control
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#". O!,e '! 'r#"h(e"#,') %per'"#%! # pre-%r(e& /* "he ALU "he re0)" # p)',e& #!"% "he
',,0(0)'"%r. I- ' &'"' h%0)& /e "r'!-erre& -r%( %!e re#"er "% '!%"her #" (0" % "hr%0h
',,0(0)'"%r. F%r 0,h 0!#$er') p0rp%e "h# # "he (%" ,%((%!)* 0e& re#"er "h'" !%!e
(#,r%,%!"r%))er ,'! /e #('#!e& +#"h%0" (%re "h'! ' h')- 8;51 (#,r%,%!"r%))er@ #!"r0,"#%!
0e& 0e "he ',,0(0)'"%r #! %(e +'*.
B Re8iter
B re#"er # 0e& &0r#! (0)"#p)* '!& $#&e %per'"#%! +h#,h ,'! /e per-%r(e& %!)* 0p%!
!0(/er "%re& #! "he A '!& B re#"er. A)) %"her #!"r0,"#%! #! "he pr%r'( ,'! 0e "h#
re#"er ' ' p're ',,0(0)'"%r A.
*ig =2G B register
.uring programming, each of registers is called by name so that their e(act address is
not so important for the user .uring compiling into machine code series of he(adecimal
numbers recogni%ed as instructions by the microcontroller/, PC will automatically, instead of
registersN name, write necessary addresses into the microcontroller
R Re8iter 9R4:R;0
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*ig ='GRA&
Th# # ' ,%((%! !'(e -%r "he "%"') 8 e!er') p0rp%e re#"er R; R1 '!& R2 ...R7.
E$e! "he* 're !%" "r0e SFR "he* &eer$e "% /e ,0e& here /e,'0e %- "he#r p0rp%e. The
/'! # ',"#$e +he! "he R re#"er #" #!,)0&e 're #! 0e. S#(#)'r "% "he ',,0(0)'"%r "he* 're
0e& -%r "e(p%r'r* "%r#! $'r#'/)e '!& #!"er(e'"e re0)". h#,h %- "he /'! +#)) /e ',"#$e
&epe!& %! "+% /#" #!,)0&e& #! "he PS Re#"er. Thee re#"er 're "%re& #! -%0r /'! #! "he
,%pe %- RAM.
The -%))%+#! e'(p)e /e" #))0"r'"e "he 0e-0) p0rp%e %- "hee re#"er. S0pp%e "h'"
('"he('"#,') %per'"#%! %! !0(/er pre$#%0)* "%re& #! "he R re#"er h%0)& /e per-%r(e&:
R1JR2 ? R3JR4. O/$#%0)* ' re#"er -%r "e(p%r'r* "%r#! re0)" %- '&"#%! # !ee&e&.
E$er*"h#! # 0#"e #(p)e '!& "he pr%r'( # ' -%))%+:
MOV A R38 Me'!: (%$e !0(/er -r%( R3 #!"% ',,0(0)'"%r
ADD A R48 Me'!: '&& !0(/er -r%( R4 "% ',,0(0)'"%r re0)" re('#! #! ',,0(0)'"%r
MOV R5 A8 Me'!: "e(p%r'r#)* (%$e "he re0)" -r%( ',,0(0)'"%r #!"% R5
MOV A R18 Me'!: (%$e !0(/er -r%( R1 #!"% ',,0(0)'"%r
ADD A R28 Me'!: '&& !0(/er -r%( R2 "% ',,0(0)'"%r
SUBB A R58 Me'!: 0/"r'," !0(/er -r%( R5 "here 're R3JR4
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(4*1 Re8iter Ban and Sta"
RAM %e%ory !a"e allo"ation in t,e (4*1
There are =2; bytes of RA& in the ;= The =2; bytes of RA& inside the ;= are
assigned addresses
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!f RA& locations
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*ig =>G ;= Register Ban#s and their RA& Addresses
PS+ Re8iter 9Pro8ra% Stat& +ord0
*ig =G P$1 register
Th# # %!e %- "he (%" #(p%r"'!" SFR. The Pr%r'( S"'"0 %r& PS ,%!"'#!
e$er') "'"0 /#" "h'" re-)e," "he ,0rre!" "'"e %- "he CPU. Th# re#"er ,%!"'#!: C'rr* /#"
A0#)#'r* C'rr* "+% re#"er /'! e)e," /#" O$er-)%+ -)' p'r#"* /#" '!& 0er&e-#!'/)e "'"0
-)'. The ALU '0"%('"#,'))* ,h'!e %(e %- re#"er@ /#" +h#,h # 00'))* 0e& #! re0)'"#%!
%- "he pr%r'( per-%r(#!.
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P 9 P%&-#: ;-#I- ' !0(/er #! ',,0(0)'"%r # e$e! "he! "h# /#" +#)) /e '0"%('"#,'))* e" 1
%"her+#e #" +#)) /e ,)e're& ;. I" # ('#!)* 0e& &0r#! &'"' "r'!(##%! '!& re,e#$#! $#'
er#') ,%((0!#,'"#%!.
< B-# 1.Th# /#" # #!"e!&e& -%r "he -0"0re $er#%! %- "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er % #" # !%" 0pp%e& "%
/e here.
OV O='&"(!$%,,0r +he! "he re0)" %- 'r#"h(e"#,') %per'"#%! # re'"er "h'! 255 &e,#(') %
"h'" #" ,'! !%" /e "%re& #! %!e re#"er. I! "h'" ,'e "h# /#" +#)) /e e" 1. I- "here # !%
%$er-)%+ "h# /#" +#)) /e ,)e're& ;.
RS> RS1 9 R'-)#'& ;%0, )'('+#) ;-#). Thee "+% /#" 're 0e& "% e)e," %!e %- "he -%0r re#"er
/'! #! RAM. B* +r#"#! er%e '!& %!e "% "hee /#" ' r%0p %- re#"er R;R7 # "%re& #!
%!e %- -%0r /'! #! RAM.
RS1 RS2 S!a"e in RAM
< < Ban#<
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Thee re#"er 're !%" "r0e %!e /e,'0e "he* &% !%" ph*#,'))* e#". The* ,%!#" %-
"+% ep'r'"e re#"er: DP< D'"' P%#!"er
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H!$ )#%+,) %&' %++'))'* -0 #' @>51
I- "he "', # ' e,"#%! %- RAM "here (0" /e re#"er #!#&e "he CPU "% p%#!" "% #".
The re#"er 0e& "% ',,e "he "', # ,'))e& "he SP S"', p%#!" Re#"er. The "', p%#!"er #!
"he 8;51 # %!)* 8 /#" +#&eK +h#,h (e'! "h'" #" ,'! "'e $')0e %- ;; "% FF
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+e ,'! ,h'!e "he SP "% p%#!" "% RAM )%,'"#%! 3;7F
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T:') !" -0)#&+#-!0)
Depe!! %! %per'"#%! "he* per-%r( ')) #!"r0,"#%! 're $#&e& #! e$er') r%0p:
Arithmetic !nstructions
Branch !nstructions
.ata Transfer !nstructions
?ogical !nstructions
?ogical !nstructions with bits
The -#r" p'r" %- e',h #!"r0,"#%! ,'))e& MNEMONIC re-er "% "he %per'"#%! '! #!"r0,"#%!
per-%r( ,%p*#! '&"#%! )%#,') %per'"#%! e",.. M!e(%!#, ,%((%!)* 're h%r"e!e& -%r(
%- !'(e %- %per'"#%! /e#! ee,0"e&. F%r e'(p)e:
INC R17 !ncrement R= increment register R=/
LJMP LAB5 7?ong 0ump ?AB> long 6ump to address specified as ?AB>/
JNZ LOOP 70ump if 8ot ero ?55P if the number in the accumulator is not
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Arit,%eti" intr&"tion
Thee #!"r0,"#%! per-%r( e$er') /'#, %per'"#%! '&"#%! 0/"r',"#%! $##%!
(0)"#p)#,'"#%! e",. A-"er ee,0"#%! "he re0)" # "%re& #! "he -#r" %per'!&. F%r e'(p)e:
ADD A, R1 The result of addition AQR=/ will be stored in the accumulator
Arit,%eti"al Intr&"tion
Mne%oni" De"ri!tionByte
N&%er
O"illator
Period
A.. A,Rn Add R Register to accumulator = =
A.. A,R(Add directly addressed R( Register to
accumulator2 2
A.. A,RiAdd indirectly addressed Register to
accumulator= =
A.. A,S Add number to accumulator 2 2
A..C A,Rn Add R Register with Carry bit to accumulator = =
Bran", Intr&"tion
There 're "+% #!& %- "hee #!"r0,"#%!:
U0+!0*-#-!0%( / -0)#&+#-!0)
A-"er "he#r ee,0"#%! ' 0(p "% ' !e+ )%,'"#%! -r%( +here "he pr%r'( ,%!"#!0e
ee,0"#%! # ee,0"e&.
C!0*-#-!0%( / -0)#&+#-!0)
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I- %(e ,%!"#%! # (e" ? ' 0(p # ee,0"e&. O"her+#e "he pr%r'( !%r('))*
pr%,ee& +#"h "he !e" #!"r0,"#%!.
Bran", Intr&"tion
Mne%oni" De"ri!tionByte
N&%er
O"illator
Period
ACA?? adr==Call subroutine located at address within 2 I byte
Program &emory space2 '
?CA?? adr=Call subroutine located at any address within F I
byte Program &emory space' F
RET Return from subroutine = F
RET! Return from interrupt routine = F
A0&P adr==0ump to address located within 2 I byte Program
&emory space2 '
?0&P adr=0ump to any address located within F I byte
Program &emory space' F
Data Tran#er Intr&"tion
Thee #!"r0,"#%! (%$e "he ,%!"e!" %- %!e re#"er "% '!%"her %!e. The re#"er +h#,h
,%!"e!" # (%$e& re('#! 0!,h'!e&. I- "he* h'$e "he 0--# MO "he &'"' #
e,h'!e& +#"h e"er!') (e(%r*.
Data Tran#er Intr&"tion
Mne%oni" De"ri!tionByte
N&%er
Cy"le
N&%er
&5M A,Rn &o"e R register to accumulator = =
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&5M A,R(&o"e directly addressed R( register to
accumulator2 2
&5M A,Ri&o"e indirectly addressed register to
accumulator
= =
&5M A,S &o"e number to accumulator 2 2
Lo8i"al Intr&"tion
Thee #!"r0,"#%! per-%r( )%#,') %per'"#%! /e"+ee! ,%rrep%!! /#" %- "+%
re#"er. A-"er ee,0"#%! "he re0)" # "%re& #! "he -#r" %per'!&.
Lo8i"al Intr&"tion
Mne%oni" De"ri!tionByte
N&%er
Cy"le
N&%er
A8? A,Rn ?ogical A8. between accumulator and R register = =
A8? A,R(?ogical A8. between accumulator and directly
addressed register R(
2 2
A8? A,Ri?ogical A8. between accumulator and indirectly
addressed register= =
A8? A,S ?ogical A8. between accumulator and number 2 2
Lo8i"al O!eration on Bit
S#(#)'r "% )%#,') #!"r0,"#%! "hee #!"r0,"#%! per-%r( )%#,') %per'"#%!. The
--ere!,e # "h'" "hee %per'"#%! 're per-%r(e& %! #!)e /#".
Lo8i"al o!eration on it
Mne%oni" De"ri!tion Byte Cy"le
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N&%er N&%er
C?R C Clear Carry bit = =
C?R bit Clear directly addressed bit 2 2
$ETB C $et Carry bit = =
$ETB bit $et directly addressed bit 2 2
CP? C Complement Carry bit = =
CP? bit Complement directly addressed bit 2 2
TIMERS
5n-chip timing:counting facility has pro"ed the capabilities of the microcontroller for
implementing the real time application These includes pulse counting, freuency measurement,
pulse width measurement, baud rate generation, etc, Ha"ing sufficient number of
timer:counters may be a need in a certain design application The ;= has two
timers:counters They can be used either as timers to generate a time delay or as counters to
count e"ents happening outside the microcontroller ?et discuss how these timers are used to
generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as e"ent counters
PRO3RAMMIN3 (4*1 TIMERS
The ;= has timersG Timer < and Timer=they can be used either as timers or as e"ent
counters ?et us first discuss about the timersN registers and how to program the timers to
generate time delays
BASIC RI3ISTERS OF T-E TIMER
Both Timer < and Timer = are = bits wide $ince the ;= has an ;-bit architecture,
each =-bit timer is accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte
TIMER 4 RE3ISTERS
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The =-bit register of Timer < is accessed as low byte and high byte The low byte
register is called T?
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MODES/
M1< M4/
&< and &= are used to select the timer mode There are three modesG Bit pre-scaler
4 1 1 =-bit timer mode
=-bit timer:counters TH( withT?( are Cascaded7 there is no
prescaler
1 < 2 ;-bit auto reload
;-bit auto reload
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timer:counter7TH( Holds a
"alue that is to be reloaded
into T?( each time it
o"erflows
1 1 5 $plit timer mode
C6T 9"lo"6ti%er0
This bit in the T&5. register is used to decide whether the timer is used as a delay
generator or an e"ent counter !f C:T
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$erial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous The
synchronous method transfers a bloc# of data at a time, while the asynchronous method
transfers a single byte at a time
!n data transmission if the data can be transmitted and recei"ed, it is a duple(
transmission This is in contrast to simple( transmissions such as with printers, in which the
computer only sends data .uple( transmissions can be half or full duple(, depending on
whether or not the data transfer can be simultaneous !f data is transmitted one way at a time, it
is referred to as half duple( !f the data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duple( 5f
course, full duple( reuires two wire conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one
for reception, in order to transfer and recei"e data simultaneously
Ayn",rono& erial "o%%&ni"ation and data #ra%in8
The data coming in at the recei"ing end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all
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The data transfer rate of gi"en computer system depends on communication ports
incorporated into that system *or e(ample, the early !B&PC:T could transfer data at the rate
of =M, while
a < bit is Q' to Q2>M, ma#ing -' to Q' undefined *or this reason, to connect any R$2'2 to a
microcontroller system we must use "oltage con"erters such as &A2'2 to con"ert the TT?
logic le"els to the R$2'2 "oltage le"els, and "ice "ersa &A2'2 !C chips are commonly
referred to as line dri"ers
RS252 !in
RS232 ,'/)e # ,%((%!)* re-erre& "% ' "he DB25 ,%!!e,"%r. I! )'/e)#! DB25P
re-er "% "he p)0 ,%!!e,"%r (')e '!& DB25S # -%r "he %,e" ,%!!e,"%r -e(')e. S#!,e !%"
')) "he p#! 're 0e& #! PC ,'/)e IBM #!"r%&0,e& "he DB9 er#%! %- "he er#') IO "'!&'r&
+h#,h 0e 9 p#! %!)* ' h%+! #! "'/)e.
1 2 3 4 5
7 8 9
5ut of computer and e(posed end of cable/
*ig 2=G .B-D pin connector
Pin *unctionsG
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P#! De,r#p"#%!
1 D'"' ,'rr#er &e"e," DCD
2 Re,e#$e& &'"' RD
3 Tr'!(#""e& &'"' TD
4 D'"' "er(#!') re'&*DTR
5 S#!') r%0!& HND D'"' e" re'&* DSR
7 Re0e" "% e!& RTS
8 C)e'r "% e!& CTS
9 R#! #!,'"%r RI
N%"e:DCD DSR RTS'!&CTS're ',"#$e )%+ p#!.
The (e"h%& 0e& /* RS232 -%r ,%((0!#,'"#%! '))%+ -%r ' #(p)e ,%!!e,"#%! %- "hree )#!e:
T R '!& Hr%0!&. The "hree ee!"#') #!') -%r 2+'* RS232
C%((0!#,'"#%! 're "hee:
TXD: ,'rr#e &'"' -r%( DTE "% "he DCE.
RXD: ,'rr#e &'"' -r%( DCE "% "he DTE
SG: #!') r%0!&
(4*1 "onne"tion to RS252
The R$2'2 standard is not TT? compatible7 therefore, it reuires a line dri"er such as
the &A2'2 chip to con"ert R$2'2 "oltage le"els to TT? le"els, and "ice "ersa The interfacing
of ;= with R$2'2 connectors "ia the &A2'2 chip is the main topic
The ;= has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and recei"ing data
serially These two pins are called T. and R. and a part of the port ' group P'< and P'=/
Pin == of the ;= is assigned to T. and pin =< is designated as R. These pins are TT?
compatible7 therefore, they reuire a line dri"er to ma#e them R$2'2 compatible 5ne such line
dri"er is the &A2'2 chip
&A2'2 con"erts from R$2'2 "oltage le"els to TT? "oltage le"els, and "ice "ersa
5ne ad"antage of the &A2'2 chip is that it uses a Q>M power source which, is the same as
the source "oltage for the ;= !n the other words, with a single Q>M power supply we can
power both the ;= and &A2'2, with no need for the power supplies that are common in
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many older systems The &A2'2 has two sets of line dri"ers for transferring and recei"ing
data The line dri"ers used for T. are called T= and T2, while the line dri"ers for R. are
designated as R= and R2 !n many applications only one of each is used
E(/e&&e&
C%!"r%))er
RD
TD
TD
RD2
3
5
HND
MA 232
*!L 22 GC588ECT!8L UC to PC using &A 2'2
INTERRUPTS
A #!)e (#,r%,%!"r%))er ,'! er$e e$er') &e$#,e. There 're "+% +'* "% &% "h'":
INTERRUPTS %r POLLINH.
POLLIN3/
I! p%))#! "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er ,%!"#!0%0)* (%!#"%r "he "'"0 %- ' #$e! &e$#,eK +he!
"he "'"0 ,%!"#%! # (e" #" per-%r( "he er$#,e .A-"er "h'" #" (%$e %! "% (%!#"%r "he !e"
&e$#,e 0!"#) e',h %!e # er$#,e&. A)"h%0h p%))#! ,'! (%!#"%r "he "'"0 %- e$er') &e$#,e '!&
er$e e',h %- "he( ' ,er"'#! ,%!"#%! 're (e".
INTERRUPTS/
I! "he #!"err0p" (e"h%& +he!e$er '!* &e$#,e !ee& #" er$#,e "he &e$#,e !%"#-#e "he
(#,r%,%!"r%))er /* e!! #" '! #!"err0p" #!'). Up%! re,e#$#! '! #!"err0p" #!') "he
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(#,r%,%!"r%))er #!"err0p" +h'"e$er #" # &%#! '!& er$e "he &e$#,e. The pr%r'( '%,#'"e&
+#"h "he #!"err0p" # ,'))e& "he #!"err0p" er$#,e r%0"#!e ISR.%r #!"err0p" h'!&)er.
INTERRUPTS POLLIN3/
The '&$'!"'e %- #!"err0p" # "h'" "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er ,'! er$e ('!* &e$#,e
!%" ')) "he '(e "#(e %- ,%0reK e',h &e$#,e ,'! e" "he '""e!"#%! %- "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er /'e&
! "he pr#%r#"* '#!e& "% #". The p%))#! (e"h%& ,'!!%" '#! pr#%r#"* #!,e #" ,he, ')) &e$#,e
#! r%0!&r%/#! -'h#%!. M%re #(p%r"'!")* #! "he #!"err0p" (e"h%& "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er ,'! ')%
#!%re (' ' &e$#,e re0e" -%r er$#,e. Th# # ''#! !%" p%#/)e +#"h "he p%))#! (e"h%&.
The (%" #(p%r"'!" re'%! "h'" "he #!"err0p" (e"h%& # pre-er'/)e # "h'" "he p%))#! (e"h%&
+'"e (0,h %- "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er@ "#(e /* p%))#! &e$#,e "h'" &% !%" !ee& er$#,e. S% #!
%r&er "% '$%#& "*#! &%+! "he (#,r%,%!"r%))er #!"err0p" 're 0e&.
INTERRUPT SERICE ROUTINE
*or e"ery interrupt, there must be an interrupt ser"ice routine !$R/, or interrupt
handler 1hen an interrupt is in"o#ed, the microcontroller runs the interrupts ser"ice routine *or
e"ery interrupt, there is a fi(ed location in memory that holds the address of its !$R The group
of memory location set aside to hold the addresses of !$R and is called the !nterrupt Mector
Table $hown belowG
Interr&!t e"tor Tale #or t,e (4*1/
S.No. INTERRUPT ROM LOCATION 9-E70 PIN FLA3
CLEARIN3
= Reset
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2 E(ternal hardware
!nterrupt "olts and output "oltage of > "olts !t has a current rating of = amp
although lower current models are a"ailable !ts output "oltage is fi(ed at >
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that pro"ide both positi"e and negati"e regulated "oltages, since the ;(( series can3t regulate
negati"e "oltages in such a system
The ; O ; is one of the most common and well-#nown of the ;(( series regulators, as it3s
small component count and medium-power regulated >M ma#e it useful for powering TT?
de"ices
Tale 2.1. S!e"i#i"ation o# IC;(4*
SPECIFICATIONS IC ;(4*
Mout >M
Mein- Mout.ifference >M - 2XC
5utput !ma( =A
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CHAPTER >
$PEC!*!E. TECH85?5L4
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L293D MOTOR DRIVE
FeaturesThe L293D is a popular motor driver IC that is usable from 6 to12V, at up to 1A totaloutput curret! "# itself, the IC is some$hat diffcult to $ire ad use, but the CompactL293D %otor Driver ma&es it much more coveiet to use!
Board Special Features 'our motor directio idicator L(D) )chott (%'*protectio diodes
)oc&et pi coectors for eas# lo+ic iterfaci+
(able pis are user accessible!
L298 Features
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DC MOTOR
DC (%"%r 're ,%!-#0re& #! ('!* "*pe '!& #e #!,)0! /r0h )e er$% '!& e'r
(%"%r "*pe. A (%"%r ,%!#" %- ' r%"%r '!& ' per('!e!" ('!e"#, -#e)& "'"%r. The ('!e"#,
-#e)& # ('#!"'#!e& 0#! e#"her per('!e!" ('!e" %r e)e,"r%('!e"#, +#!!. DC (%"%r
're (%" ,%((%!)* 0e& #! $'r#'/)e pee& '!& "%r0e.
M%"#%! '!& ,%!"r%) ,%$er ' +#&e r'!e %- ,%(p%!e!" "h'" #! %(e +'* 're
0e& "% e!er'"e '!&%r ,%!"r%) (%"#%!. Are' +#"h#! "h# ,'"e%r* #!,)0&e /e'r#! '!&
/0h#! ,)0",he '!& /r'e ,%!"r%) '!& &r#$e &r#$e ,%(p%!e!" e!,%&er '!& re%)$e
I!"er'"e& (%"#%! ,%!"r%) )#(#" +#",he )#!e'r ',"0'"%r )#!e'r '!& r%"'r* (%"#%!
,%(p%!e!" )#!e'r p%#"#%! e!#! (%"%r /%"h AC '!& DC (%"%r %r#e!"'"#%! p%#"#%!
e!#! p!e0('"#, '!& p!e0('"#, ,%(p%!e!" p%#"#%!#! "'e )#&e '!& 0#&e p%+er
"r'!(##%! (e,h'!#,') e') )#p r#! %)e!%#& pr#!.
M%"%r 're "he &e$#,e "h'" pr%$#&e "he ',"0') pee& '!& "%r0e #! ' &r#$e
*"e(. Th# -'(#)* #!,)0&e AC (%"%r "*pe #!)e '!& (0)"#ph'e (%"%r 0!#$er') er$%
(%"%r #!&0,"#%! *!,hr%!%0 '!& e'r (%"%r '!& DC (%"%r /r0h )e er$% (%"%r '!&
e'r (%"%r ' +e)) ' )#!e'r "epper '!& '#r (%"%r '!& (%"%r ,%!"',"%r '!& "'r"er.
I! '!* e)e,"r#, (%"%r %per'"#%! # /'e& %! #(p)e e)e,"r%('!e"#(. A ,0rre!",'rr*#!,%!&0,"%r e!er'"e ' ('!e"#, -#e)&K +he! "h# # "he! p)',e& #! '! e"er!') ('!e"#, -#e)& #"
+#)) eper#e!,e ' -%r,e pr%p%r"#%!') "% "he ,0rre!" #! "he ,%!&0,"%r '!& "% "he "re!"h %- "he
e"er!') ('!e"#, -#e)&. A *%0 're +e)) '+'re %- -r%( p)'*#! +#"h ('!e" ' ' #&
%pp%#"e N%r"h '!& S%0"h p%)'r#"#e '""r'," +h#)e )#e p%)'r#"#e N%r"h '!& N%r"h S%0"h '!&
S%0"h repe). The #!"er!') ,%!-#0r'"#%! %- ' DC (%"%r # &e#!e& "% h'r!e "he ('!e"#,
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#!"er',"#%! /e"+ee! ' ,0rre!",'rr*#! ,%!&0,"%r '!& '! e"er!') ('!e"#, -#e)& "% e!er'"e
r%"'"#%!') (%"#%!.
Le" "'r" /* )%%#! '" ' #(p)e 2p%)e DC e)e,"r#, (%"%r here re& repree!" ' ('!e"
%r +#!! +#"h ' QN%r"hQ p%)'r#'"#%! +h#)e ree! repree!" ' ('!e" %r +#!! +#"h '
QS%0"hQ p%)'r#'"#%!.
E$er* DC (%"%r h' # /'#, p'r" ')e r%"%r '..'. 'r('"0re "'"%r ,%((0"'"%r -#e)&
('!e" '!& /r0he. I! (%" ,%((%! DC (%"%r '!& ')) "h'" Be'(er +#)) ee "he
e"er!') ('!e"#, -#e)& # pr%&0,e& /* h#h"re!"h per('!e!" ('!e"1. The "'"%r # "he
"'"#%!'r* p'r" %- "he (%"%r "h# #!,)0&e "he (%"%r ,'#! ' +e)) ' "+% %r (%re
per('!e!" ('!e" p%)e p#e,e. The r%"%r "%e"her +#"h "he ')e '!& '""',he& ,%((0"'"%r
r%"'"e +#"h repe," "% "he "'"%r. The r%"%r ,%!#" %- +#!! e!er'))* %! ' ,%re "he
+#!! /e#! e)e,"r#,'))* ,%!!e,"e& "% "he ,%((0"'"%r. The '/%$e 'r'( h%+ '
,%((%! (%"%r )'*%0" +#"h "he r%"%r #!#&e "he "'"%r -#e)& ('!e".
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings
are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energi%ed winding and the
stator magnets/ are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with
the stator3s field magnets As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes mo"e to the
ne(t commutator contacts, and energi%e the ne(t winding Li"en our e(ample two-
pole motor, the rotation re"erses the direction of current through the rotor winding,
leading to a )flip) of the rotor3s magnetic field, and dri"ing it to continue rotatingI! re') )#-e "h%0h DC (%"%r +#)) ')+'* h'$e (%re "h'! "+% p%)e "hree # '
$er* ,%((%! !0(/er. I! p'r"#,0)'r "h# '$%#& Q&e'& p%"Q #! "he ,%((0"'"%r. Y%0 ,'!
#('#!e h%+ +#"h %0r e'(p)e "+%p%)e (%"%r #- "he r%"%r # e',")* '" "he (#&&)e %- #"
r%"'"#%! per-e,")* ')#!e& +#"h "he -#e)& ('!e" #" +#)) e" Q"0,Q "here. Me'!+h#)e +#"h '
"+%p%)e (%"%r "here # ' (%(e!" +here "he ,%((0"'"%r h%r" %0" "he p%+er 0pp)* #.e.
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/%"h /r0he "%0,h /%"h ,%((0"'"%r ,%!"'," #(0)"'!e%0)*. Th# +%0)& /e /'& -%r "he
p%+er 0pp)* +'"e e!er* '!& &'('e (%"%r ,%(p%!e!" ' +e)). Ye" '!%"her
'&$'!"'e %- 0,h ' #(p)e (%"%r # "h'" #" +%0)& eh#/#" ' h#h '(%0!" %- "%r0e r#pp)eQ
"he '(%0!" %- "%r0e #" ,%0)& pr%&0,e # ,*,)#, +#"h "he p%#"#%! %- "he r%"%r.
$o since most small .C motors are of a three-pole design, let3s tin#er with the
wor#ings of one "ia an interacti"e animation 0a"a$cript reuired/G
Y%0)) !%"#,e ' -e+ "h#! -r%( "h# !'(e)* %!e p%)e # -0))* e!er#e& '" ' "#(e
/0" "+% %"her 're Qp'r"#'))*Q e!er#e&. A e',h /r0h "r'!#"#%! -r%( %!e ,%((0"'"%r
,%!"'," "% "he !e" %!e ,%#) -#e)& +#)) r'p#&)* ,%))'pe ' "he !e" ,%#) -#e)& +#)) r'p#&)*
,h're 0p "h# %,,0r +#"h#! ' -e+ (#,r%e,%!&. e)) ee (%re '/%0" "he e--e," %- "h#
)'"er /0" #! "he (e'!"#(e *%0 ,'! ee "h'" "h# # ' re," re0)" %- "he ,%#) +#!! er#e
+#r#!:
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There pr%/'/)* !% /e""er +'* "% ee h%+ '! '$er'e &, (%"%r # p0" "%e"her "h'! /*
0" %pe!#! %!e 0p. U!-%r"0!'"e)* "h# # "e%0 +%r ' +e)) ' re0#r#! "he &e"r0,"#%! %- '
per-e,")* %%& (%"%r.
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CHAPTER6
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
SOFT+ARE
V-)-!03
YMision' is an !.E !ntegrated .e"elopment En"ironment/ that helps you write, compile, and
debug embedded programs !t encapsulates the following componentsG
A pro6ect manager
A ma#e facility
Tool configuration
Editor
A powerful debugger
To help you get started, se"eral e(ample programs located in the ?C*1?E>a%!le,
?C2*1?E>a%!le, ?C1@@?E>a%!le, and?ARM?...?E>a%!le/ are pro"ided
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-ELLOis a simple program that prints the string )Hello 1orld) using the $erial !nterface
B-(*-0 %0 A(-+%#-!0 -0 V-)-!02
To build compile, assemble, and lin#/ an application in YMision2, you mustG
= $elect Pro6ect - for e(ample, 1@@?E7AMPLES?-ELLO?-ELLO.U2/
2 $elect Pro6ect - Rebuild all target files or Build target
YMision2 compiles, assembles, and lin#s the files in your pro6ect
C&'%#-0 Y!& O$0 A(-+%#-!0 -0 V-)-!02
To "reate a ne$ !roe"t in iion2< yo& %&tG
= $elect Pro6ect - 8ew Pro6ect
2 $elect a directory and enter the name of the pro6ect file
' $elect Pro6ect - $elect .e"ice and select an ;=, 2>=, or C=(:$T=< de"ice from the
.e"ice .atabaseZ
F Create source files to add to the pro6ect
> $elect Pro6ect - Targets, Lroups, *iles, Add:*iles, select $ource Lroup=, and add the
source files to the pro6ect
$elect Pro6ect - 5ptions and set the tool options 8ote when you select the target de"ice
from the .e"ice .atabaseZ all special options are set automatically 4ou typically only
need to configure the memory map of your target hardware .efault memory model
settings are optimal for most applications
$elect Pro6ect - Rebuild all target files or Build target
D';-0 %0 A(-+%#-!0 -0 V-)-!02
To debug an application created using YMision2, you mustG
= $elect .ebug - $tart:$top .ebug $ession
2 se the $tep toolbar buttons to single-step through your program 4ou may enter 3G select de"ice foer target
14. Then Clic# on J5IK
11. The *ollowing fig will appear
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*ig 'G Copy ;= startup code
12. Then Clic# either 4E$ or 85[[[mostly J85K
15. 8ow your pro6ect is ready to $E
1. 8ow double clic# on the Target=, you would get another option J$ource group =K
as shown in ne(t page
*ig 'G $ource group =
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1*. Clic# on the file option from menu bar and select JnewK
*ig '; new file
1@. The ne(t screen will be as shown in ne(t page, and 6ust ma(imi%e it by double
clic#ing on its blue boarder
*ig 'DG 5pened new file
1;. 8ow start writing program in either in JCK or JA$&K
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1(. *or a program written in Assembly, then sa"e it with e(tension J asmK and for
JCK based program sa"e it with e(tension J CK
*ig F
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F# 42: A&! -#)e "% "he %0r,e r%0p
21. N%+ e)e," ' per *%0r -#)e e"e!#%! #$e! +h#)e '$#! "he -#)e
22. C)#, %!)* %!e "#(e %! %p"#%! ADD
23. N%+ Pre -0!,"#%! e* F7 "% ,%(p#)e. A!* err%r +#)) 'ppe'r #- % h'ppe!.
*ig F' Compilation
24. I- "he -#)e ,%!"'#! !% err%r "he! pre C%!"r%)JF5 #(0)"'!e%0)*.
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25. The !e+ +#!&%+ # ' -%))%+
F# 44: /0#)!
26. The! C)#, O6
27. N%+ C)#, %! "he Per#pher') -r%( (e!0 /'r '!& ,he, *%0r re0#re& p%r" '
h%+! #! -# /e)%+
*ig F> G $electing the Ports to be "isuali%ed
2@. Dr' "he p%r" ' #&e '!& ,)#, #! "he pr%r'( -#)e.
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F# 4:"'r" &e/0#!
2. N%+ eep Pre#! -0!,"#%! e* F11 )%+)* '!& %/er$e.
3>. Y%0 're r0!!#! *%0r pr%r'( 0,,e-0))*.
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C-APTER ;
CONCLUSION
The pro6ect JBOMB DETECTION ROBOThas been successfully designed and tested
!ntegrating features of all the hardware components used ha"e de"eloped it Presence of e"ery
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module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best wor#ing of the
unit
$econdly, using highly ad"anced !CNs and with the help of growing technology the pro6ect has
been successfullyimplemented
REFERENCES
;=-&!CR5C58TR5??ER A8. E&BE..E. $4$TE&$
&ohd &a%idi
The 8;51 M#,r% ,%!"r%))er Ar,h#"e,"0re Pr%r'((#! App)#,'"#%!
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