Mr. Cargile Mission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA

Mr. CargileMr. CargileMission Hills H.S., San Marcos CAMission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA

California Content California Content Standard 10.3.1Standard 10.3.1

Specific Objective: Specific Objective:

Analyze why England was the Analyze why England was the first country to industrializefirst country to industrialize

What would you do to What would you do to change your situation?change your situation?

1. What factory conditions concern you the most?

As we discuss the Industrial Revolution and the changes caused by industrialization, note how reform movements eventually improve conditions for all laborers, including children.

2. Would you attempt to change conditions in the factory? 3. Would you join a union, go to school, or run away?

The Industrial Revolution began in The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s. England in the mid-1700s.

In a century that followed, factories In a century that followed, factories and machines transformed the nation and machines transformed the nation and spread throughout Europe and and spread throughout Europe and North America.North America.

Instead of using hand tools to make Instead of using hand tools to make household quantities, people came to household quantities, people came to rely on machinery to produce large rely on machinery to produce large amounts of goods to be sold in shops.amounts of goods to be sold in shops.

The Industrial Revolution began in The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s. England in the mid-1700s.

In a century that followed, factories In a century that followed, factories and machines transformed the nation and machines transformed the nation and spread throughout Europe and and spread throughout Europe and North America.North America.

Instead of using hand tools to make Instead of using hand tools to make household quantities, people came to household quantities, people came to rely on machinery to produce large rely on machinery to produce large amounts of goods to be sold in shops.amounts of goods to be sold in shops.

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

A: Economic Strength

ù During the 1600s, overseas exploration During the 1600s, overseas exploration had opened had opened new marketsnew markets for England, for England, and led to a thriving economy base on and led to a thriving economy base on moneymoney..

ù British British merchants investedmerchants invested money in money in new industries.new industries.

ù New financial institutions such as New financial institutions such as banks banks offered business loansoffered business loans that helped spur that helped spur industrial growth. The most famous was industrial growth. The most famous was the powerful the powerful Bank of England, 1694Bank of England, 1694..

A: Geography & Natural Resources

ù England’s rivers offered a dual England’s rivers offered a dual advantage. Fast-flowing rivers were advantage. Fast-flowing rivers were a source of water power to fuel a source of water power to fuel machinery, and throughout the machinery, and throughout the nation rivers provided inland nation rivers provided inland transportation routes for industrial transportation routes for industrial goods.goods.

ù In addition, England’s excellent In addition, England’s excellent natural harbors were a benefit to natural harbors were a benefit to merchant ships.merchant ships.

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

QuestionQuestion: How did improvements in : How did improvements in transportation promote transportation promote industrialization in Britain?industrialization in Britain?

Answer: Canals cut the cost of transporting materials; improved roads fostered the movement of heavy wagons; railroads linked manufacturing cities with raw materials.

A: Geography & Natural Resources

ù England had rich natural resources England had rich natural resources in the form of in the form of coal and iron coal and iron minesmines. Coal was a valuable source . Coal was a valuable source of energy to fuel machinery, and of energy to fuel machinery, and iron was used to make machines iron was used to make machines and products, such as tools and and products, such as tools and cookware.cookware.

ù A region in west central England A region in west central England became known as became known as the Black the Black CountryCountry for its smoke clouds from for its smoke clouds from factories burning coal and smelting factories burning coal and smelting iron.iron.

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

19141914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

British Pig Iron Production

A: Population Growth [I]

ù Scientific improvements in Scientific improvements in farming during the 1700s led to farming during the 1700s led to more crops and healthier more crops and healthier livestock – an livestock – an Agricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolution that brought more that brought more food to the peoplefood to the people

The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

A: Population Growth [2]

ù A larger population meant A larger population meant greater demandgreater demand for goods and for goods and more more available laboravailable labor..

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

QuestionQuestion: What were some of the : What were some of the effects of enclosure and crop effects of enclosure and crop rotation?rotation?

Possible Answer: Enclosure resulted in experiments with new agricultural methods, and it caused many small farmers to move to the cities. Crop Rotation produced increased yields.

A: Political StabilityA: Political Stability

ù An isolated, island nation, An isolated, island nation, England participated in European England participated in European wars of the 18wars of the 18thth and early 19 and early 19thth centuries, but never on home centuries, but never on home ground.ground.

ù England’s industrial growth was England’s industrial growth was not interrupted by war.not interrupted by war.

Let’s see how much you know

7/Q7/Q

Question #1Question #1

1/71/7

What was a What was a direct effectdirect effect of of increased food production increased food production during Europe’s Agricultural during Europe’s Agricultural Revolution?Revolution?

a.New markets opened.

b.Overseas trade increased.

c.The population increased.

d.Excess food was wasted.

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During the 1600s, Europe During the 1600s, Europe developed a thriving economy developed a thriving economy based on based on

a.Barter.

b.Money.

c.Banking.

d.Factories.

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A defining feature of Europe’s A defining feature of Europe’s Industrial Revolution was that Industrial Revolution was that many commercial goods were many commercial goods were

a.Purchased in overseas markets.

b.Manufactured in less developed countries.

c.Sold without economic barriers such as tariffs.

d.Made by machine rather than by hand.

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A geographic advantage of A geographic advantage of England in the Industrial England in the Industrial Revolution was its Revolution was its

a.Natural harbors.

b.National bank.

c.Central location in Europe.

d.Central mountain range.

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The “Black Country” of England The “Black Country” of England was known for its was known for its

a.Forest fires.

b.Smoke from coal.

c.Fast-flowing rivers.

d.Political stability.

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What was one important power What was one important power source for factories in 18source for factories in 18thth--century England? century England?

b.Electricity

d.water

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Which of the following explains why England was the first country to industrialize?

a.England was home to more scientists and inventors than any other nation.

b.England was an island nation.

c.England was a relatively free society with a vast overseas empire to buy its products.

d.England’s population was more educated than populations in other parts of the world.

Inventions and Social Change

Specific Objective:Specific Objective:

Examine how scientific and technological changes Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change.social, economic, and cultural change.

SummarySummary

Machinery made the Industrial Revolution possible. Machinery made the Industrial Revolution possible. Reliance on machinery defined the revolution from its Reliance on machinery defined the revolution from its earliest days, and technological innovation drove its earliest days, and technological innovation drove its development. development.

Inventor Invention Significance

James Watt Improved steam engine (1769) Provided an efficient source of industrial power

Eli Whitney Cotton gin (1793) Sped cotton production by separating fiber

Henry Bessemer Bessemer process (1850s) Quickly and cheaply made steel out of iron

Louis Pasteur Pasteurization (sterilization of liquids (1860s)

Increased the shelf life of milk and other products

Thomas Edison Improved electric light (1879) Made possible long-lasting indoor electric light

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

Spread of Technology [1]

Spread of Technology [1]) By the 1840s, England had By the 1840s, England had

become a nation connected by become a nation connected by railroads.railroads. Around the same time, Around the same time, the United States, Russia, and the United States, Russia, and European nations, such as France European nations, such as France and Germany, developed rail and Germany, developed rail systems too. Railroads systems too. Railroads transported goods and linked transported goods and linked commercial centers.commercial centers.

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

Railroads on the Continent

“The Great Land Serpent”

Spread of Technology [2]

Spread of Technology [2] ) Major advances in communication Major advances in communication

had occurred by the 1870s. had occurred by the 1870s. International mail service had been International mail service had been achieved; telegraph messages achieved; telegraph messages could be transmitted around the could be transmitted around the world in minutes; and, in 1876, the world in minutes; and, in 1876, the telephone was used for the first telephone was used for the first time (though it did not become time (though it did not become widespread until the early 1900s).widespread until the early 1900s).

Effects on Society Effects on Society ) In agricultural life, the forces of In agricultural life, the forces of

weather and nature rule. In the weather and nature rule. In the new industrial culture, work could new industrial culture, work could take place in any weather and take place in any weather and more quickly than ever before.more quickly than ever before.

) Railroads replaced horses, Railroads replaced horses, increasing loads and decreasing increasing loads and decreasing shipping and travel times. With shipping and travel times. With the telegraph, it now took minutes the telegraph, it now took minutes rather than months for a message rather than months for a message to reach a faraway destination. to reach a faraway destination. The pace of life had changed The pace of life had changed forever.forever.

QuestionQuestion: What were the major : What were the major inventions in the textile inventions in the textile industry? Describe. industry? Describe. (You and your (You and your partner must come up with at least three)partner must come up with at least three)

Answer: Flying shuttle, spinning jenny; water frame; spinning mule; factory

7/Q7/Q

1/71/7

What impact did the steam What impact did the steam engine have on the growth of engine have on the growth of industry? industry?

a.Permitted merchants to reach new markets

b.Ended dependence on ocean transport

c.Reduced pollution compared with coal

d.Provided an efficient source of power

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What technology did James Watt What technology did James Watt improveimprove??

a.The steam engine

b.Cotton processing

c.Electric light

d.The Bessemer process

3/73/7

Which process would be an Which process would be an example of pasteurization?example of pasteurization?

a.Milk is sterilized.

b.Milk is steamed.

c.Coal is burned to make steam.

d.Steel is made out of iron.

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By the 1840s, England was By the 1840s, England was connected by a network of connected by a network of

a.Craft guilds.

b.Telephone lines.

c.Railroads.

d.Electric lines.

5/75/7

Which 20Which 20thth-century invention is -century invention is mostmost comparable to the comparable to the telegraph in its impact? telegraph in its impact?

a.television

b.e-mail and the Internet

c.Airplanes

d.The telephone

6/76/7

Which increased as a result of Which increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution? the Industrial Revolution?

a.Prices for consumer goods

b.Dependence on the weather

c.The speed of transactions

d.Isolation of commercial centers

7/77/7

Which of the following Which of the following statements about the effects of statements about the effects of scientific and technological scientific and technological changes during the Industrial changes during the Industrial Revolution is Revolution is truetrue??

a.They had little or no effect on how people lived outside of factory towns.

b.They significantly altered how people worked, played, and maintained their health.

c.They cheapened the quality of most products of daily life.

d.They led to less democracy and a decline in literacy.

Population Shifts During the Industrial

Revolution

Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Population GrowthPopulation Growth) By the time of the Industrial By the time of the Industrial

Revolution, there were more Revolution, there were more people than ever before.people than ever before.

) A main reason for this was 18A main reason for this was 18thth century agricultural century agricultural improvements, which all but improvements, which all but ended the periodic famines that ended the periodic famines that had kept down European had kept down European populations.populations.

) From 1750 to 1850, the population From 1750 to 1850, the population of England alone nearly tripled.of England alone nearly tripled.

Rural to Urban Migration

Rural to Urban Migration) Before the Industrial Revolution, Before the Industrial Revolution,

most Europeans – and most of the most Europeans – and most of the world – lived on small farms in world – lived on small farms in rural areas.rural areas.

) By the mid-1800s, half the people By the mid-1800s, half the people in England lived in cities, and by in England lived in cities, and by 1900 this change had spread 1900 this change had spread throughout much of Europe.throughout much of Europe.

) Population migration from rural to Population migration from rural to urban settings is a defining urban settings is a defining feature of the Industrial feature of the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

Why Cities?Why Cities?) Factory work made it necessary Factory work made it necessary

for many workers to be in one for many workers to be in one place.place.

) New goods brought the need for New goods brought the need for new market centers. Often, these new market centers. Often, these were located on waterways for were located on waterways for ease of transportation.ease of transportation.

) The emerging banking and The emerging banking and commercial industries developed commercial industries developed their own centers.their own centers.

How did population growth How did population growth spur the Industrial spur the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

Possible Answer: A population explosion pushed farmers off the land sent workers to the cities, and created a ready market for new goods.

QuestionQuestion::

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

CauseCause EffectEffectEffect/CauseEffect/Cause

Cheaply build, overcrowded housing

Terrible sanitation

Industrial pollution

Poor living conditions

Polluted air and H2O

Streets full of waste; contaminated water

Spread of Spread of DiseaseDisease

CauseCause EffectEffectEffect/CauseEffect/Cause

Cheaply build, overcrowded housing

Terrible sanitation

Industrial pollution

Poor living conditions

Polluted air and H2O

Streets full of waste; contaminated water

Spread of Spread of DiseaseDisease

Disease in Urban CentersDisease in Urban CentersNineteenth-century city dwellers were vulnerable to contagious – and sometimes deadly – diseases such as typhus, cholera, and influenza. These spread rapidly in the unhealthy conditions created by industrialization.

3/Q3/Q

1/31/3

Between 1800 and 1850, Between 1800 and 1850, London’s populationLondon’s population

a. Doubled.

b. More than doubled.

c. Grew at the same rate as Liverpool.

d. Grew faster than Liverpool's.

People (10,000)

Birningham Liverpool London Edinburgh Glasgow

Population Growth of Five Cities

2/32/3

Which city had the smallest Which city had the smallest population throughout 1800-population throughout 1800-1850?1850?

a. Birmingham

b. Liverpool

c. Edinburgh

d. Glasgow

People (10,000)

3/33/3

What is the best explanation for the What is the best explanation for the population growth shown in the graph?population growth shown in the graph?

a. An agricultural revolution meant there was more food available.

b. Better mining techniques increased the demand for coal.

c. Cities provided better entertainment and cultural opportunities.

d. Cities were more sanitary and healthy environments than farms.

People (10,000)

The Evolution of Work and Labor

Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.labor, and the union movement.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution quickened the pace of workers’ quickened the pace of workers’ lives and shaped how they lives and shaped how they worked and where they lived. worked and where they lived.

No longer did the vast majority No longer did the vast majority work in agriculture. work in agriculture.

Millions were employed in Millions were employed in miningmining and and manufacturingmanufacturing – – many working in a cash economy many working in a cash economy for the first time and in fast-for the first time and in fast-growing urban centers.growing urban centers.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution quickened the pace of workers’ quickened the pace of workers’ lives and shaped how they lives and shaped how they worked and where they lived. worked and where they lived.

No longer did the vast majority No longer did the vast majority work in agriculture. work in agriculture.

Millions were employed in Millions were employed in miningmining and and manufacturingmanufacturing – – many working in a cash economy many working in a cash economy for the first time and in fast-for the first time and in fast-growing urban centers.growing urban centers.

The Demise of the Slave Trade [1]

) The industrial Revolution was The industrial Revolution was financed in part by profits from financed in part by profits from the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But industry soon became more industry soon became more profitable than the slave trade. profitable than the slave trade.

) During the early 1800s, the slave During the early 1800s, the slave trade was abolished in England, trade was abolished in England, the United States, and much of the United States, and much of Europe.Europe.

The Demise of the Slave Trade [2]

) Debates about the economic Debates about the economic benefits of slavery developed benefits of slavery developed alongside the obvious moral alongside the obvious moral questions.questions.

) Especially in the industrial Especially in the industrial northern United States, many northern United States, many people felt that people felt that free laborfree labor – not – not slave labor – was the only way to slave labor – was the only way to grow a strong industrial economy.grow a strong industrial economy.

Immigration [1]Immigration [1]

) Immigration fueled the labor force, Immigration fueled the labor force, especially in North America. especially in North America.

) In the 19In the 19thth century, expanding century, expanding industry in N. America drew industry in N. America drew millions of immigrants from millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia who sought new Europe and Asia who sought new economic opportunities. economic opportunities.

) By the 1870s, they arrived at a By the 1870s, they arrived at a rate of more than 2,000 a day.rate of more than 2,000 a day.

) Advances in transportation made Advances in transportation made this mass migration possible. this mass migration possible. Overseas transportation was safer Overseas transportation was safer and more available than ever and more available than ever before, and immigrants traveled before, and immigrants traveled within N. America by the new within N. America by the new railway systems.railway systems.

Division of LaborDivision of Labor

) Increasingly divided social classes Increasingly divided social classes emerged during the Industrial emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Very wealthy Revolution. Very wealthy industrial owners and industrial owners and businessmen formed the businessmen formed the upper upper classclass. .

) The The middle classesmiddle classes included a included a variety of professionals, such as variety of professionals, such as teachers, lawyers, shopkeepers, teachers, lawyers, shopkeepers, and small businessmen.and small businessmen.

) Factory workers and other Factory workers and other dependent laborers made up the dependent laborers made up the working classworking class..

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.

22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.

42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

The Union Movement [1]The Union Movement [1]

) The union movement arose to The union movement arose to address the many problems faced address the many problems faced by laborers. by laborers.

) A A unionunion is an organization that is an organization that speaks for the workers it speaks for the workers it represents. represents.

The Union Movement [2]The Union Movement [2]

) Its first effort to solve a problem is Its first effort to solve a problem is often often collective bargainingcollective bargaining – – negotiations, led by the union, to negotiations, led by the union, to resolve disputes between workers resolve disputes between workers and employers. and employers.

) If this effort is unsuccessful, it may If this effort is unsuccessful, it may be followed by a be followed by a strikestrike, in which , in which union members refuse to work union members refuse to work until their demands are met.until their demands are met.

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists

KeyKey

ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.

4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

7/Q7/Q

1/71/7

Which would have been a Which would have been a commoncommon life change in England life change in England during the I.R.?during the I.R.?

a.A farmer moves to an industrial area to work in a coal mine.

b.A coal miner works his way up through the ranks to own the mine.

c.A coal miner moves to the country to run his own farm.

d.A lawyer loses his business and is forced to work in a coal mine.

2/72/7

In G.B., the Factory Act of 1819 In G.B., the Factory Act of 1819 declared it illegal for children to declared it illegal for children to work more than 12 hours a day. work more than 12 hours a day. What does the act suggest about What does the act suggest about labor conditions at that time?labor conditions at that time?

a.Working conditions were worse in G.B. than in other nations.

b.The government frequently intervened on behalf of workers.

c.Some children spent more than half of each day working.

d.Factories were unable to attract adult employess.

3/73/7

In the 19In the 19thth century, millions of century, millions of people seeking work migratedpeople seeking work migrated

a.From Asia to Europe.

b.From North America to Europe.

c.From North America to Europe and Asia.

d.From Asia and Europe to North America.

4/74/7

Which statement is Which statement is truetrue of social of social class during the I.R.?class during the I.R.?

a.People could move freely from one social class to another.

b.Social classes became increasingly divided.

c.The very idea of social classes became outdated.

d.Europe was generally divided between an upper class and a working class.

5/75/7

Collective bargaining was a Collective bargaining was a process of negotiation betweenprocess of negotiation between

a.Employers and workers.

b.Employers and the government.

c.Unions and the government.

d.Workers and unions.

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In 1902, Pennsylvania coal miners In 1902, Pennsylvania coal miners refused to work, returning to refused to work, returning to their jobs only when guaranteed a their jobs only when guaranteed a 10% pay increase an reduction of 10% pay increase an reduction of hours. The miners’ action is an hours. The miners’ action is an example of example of

a.Forming a union.

b.Free labor.

c.A strike.

d.A picket.

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Which of the following describes Which of the following describes a major change in how people a major change in how people worked from pre-Industrial worked from pre-Industrial Revolution times to post-I.R. Revolution times to post-I.R. times?times?

a.The vast majority of workers became more content with their jobs.

b.Workers who were forced to work longer hours for lower wages fueled a strong movement to unionize.

c.Workers rejected the idea of unionization in favor of more freedom to negotiate working conditions.

d.Labor unions were formed by governments to help factory owners increase their productivity.

Response to Capitalism

Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the dominant economic pattern and the response to it, including Utopianism, Social response to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.

Capitalism is an economic system Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes profit and private that emphasizes profit and private ownership. ownership.

In capitalism, the factors of In capitalism, the factors of production – such as land and other production – such as land and other natural resources – are owned natural resources – are owned privately, by wealthy business owners privately, by wealthy business owners and investors. and investors.

Critics of capitalism say that the Critics of capitalism say that the system creates profit for owners and system creates profit for owners and investors, but not for workers. investors, but not for workers.

During the I.R., many workers During the I.R., many workers labored in poverty and under labored in poverty and under dangerous conditions. New systems of dangerous conditions. New systems of thought arose in response to such thought arose in response to such problems…problems…

Capitalism is an economic system Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes profit and private that emphasizes profit and private ownership. ownership.

In capitalism, the factors of In capitalism, the factors of production – such as land and other production – such as land and other natural resources – are owned natural resources – are owned privately, by wealthy business owners privately, by wealthy business owners and investors. and investors.

Critics of capitalism say that the Critics of capitalism say that the system creates profit for owners and system creates profit for owners and investors, but not for workers. investors, but not for workers.

During the I.R., many workers During the I.R., many workers labored in poverty and under labored in poverty and under dangerous conditions. New systems of dangerous conditions. New systems of thought arose in response to such thought arose in response to such problems…problems…

New systems of thought arose in New systems of thought arose in response to such problems…response to such problems…

UtopianismUtopianism

SocialismSocialism

CommunismCommunism

Social DemocracySocial Democracy

New systems of thought arose in New systems of thought arose in response to such problems…response to such problems…

UtopianismUtopianism

SocialismSocialism

CommunismCommunism

Social DemocracySocial Democracy

Utopianism communities were Utopianism communities were alternative societies based on alternative societies based on cooperation and sharing.cooperation and sharing.

A number of these communities were A number of these communities were founded in the U.S. In the early 1800s.founded in the U.S. In the early 1800s.

Most were formed by small groups of Most were formed by small groups of people in rural areas and did not alst people in rural areas and did not alst for long.for long.

But a few, such as the Amana But a few, such as the Amana colonies in Iowa, were sizable and colonies in Iowa, were sizable and existed for more than a century.existed for more than a century.

Utopianism communities were Utopianism communities were alternative societies based on alternative societies based on cooperation and sharing.cooperation and sharing.

A number of these communities were A number of these communities were founded in the U.S. In the early 1800s.founded in the U.S. In the early 1800s.

Most were formed by small groups of Most were formed by small groups of people in rural areas and did not alst people in rural areas and did not alst for long.for long.

But a few, such as the Amana But a few, such as the Amana colonies in Iowa, were sizable and colonies in Iowa, were sizable and existed for more than a century.existed for more than a century.

Basic Idea:Basic Idea: people live and work people live and work together, sharing goods and property.together, sharing goods and property.

Many socialists believed that Many socialists believed that capitalism was a cause of moral and capitalism was a cause of moral and ethical problems, such as child labor ethical problems, such as child labor and low wages.and low wages.

They thought people could work They thought people could work together to solve these problems and together to solve these problems and plan for a more fair economy. plan for a more fair economy.

1919thth century socialists played century socialists played important roles in the labor movement.important roles in the labor movement.

Many socialists believed that Many socialists believed that capitalism was a cause of moral and capitalism was a cause of moral and ethical problems, such as child labor ethical problems, such as child labor and low wages.and low wages.

They thought people could work They thought people could work together to solve these problems and together to solve these problems and plan for a more fair economy. plan for a more fair economy.

1919thth century socialists played century socialists played important roles in the labor movement.important roles in the labor movement.

Basic Idea:Basic Idea: the factors of production are the factors of production are owned by the people, at least in part, owned by the people, at least in part, and are used for the benefit of all.and are used for the benefit of all.

Communism is a type of socialism Communism is a type of socialism that is often associated with that is often associated with revolution. revolution.

The term “communism” became The term “communism” became famous in the book famous in the book Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848. Engels, published in 1848.

Marx and Engels emphasized Marx and Engels emphasized revolutionary struggle as a means of revolutionary struggle as a means of achieving a society in which all people achieving a society in which all people were economically equal.were economically equal.

Communism is a type of socialism Communism is a type of socialism that is often associated with that is often associated with revolution. revolution.

The term “communism” became The term “communism” became famous in the book famous in the book Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848. Engels, published in 1848.

Marx and Engels emphasized Marx and Engels emphasized revolutionary struggle as a means of revolutionary struggle as a means of achieving a society in which all people achieving a society in which all people were economically equal.were economically equal.

Basic Idea:Basic Idea: workers should take control workers should take control of all the factors of production.of all the factors of production.

Social democrats believe that the Social democrats believe that the government should play a role in the government should play a role in the economy in order to make sure that economy in order to make sure that the people receive certain benefits, the people receive certain benefits, such as health care and education. such as health care and education.

Social democracy developed in the Social democracy developed in the 2020thth century out of socialist ideas. century out of socialist ideas.

It is the dominant system in many It is the dominant system in many European nations today.European nations today.

Social democrats believe that the Social democrats believe that the government should play a role in the government should play a role in the economy in order to make sure that economy in order to make sure that the people receive certain benefits, the people receive certain benefits, such as health care and education. such as health care and education.

Social democracy developed in the Social democracy developed in the 2020thth century out of socialist ideas. century out of socialist ideas.

It is the dominant system in many It is the dominant system in many European nations today.European nations today.

Basic Idea:Basic Idea: government plays a role in government plays a role in managing production and provides managing production and provides certain social services.certain social services.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Government Response

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the

coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].

k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions

Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.

k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.

k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of

Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.

) RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly

on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.Bank of England.) Bank of France.Bank of France.

ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.

ù New legislation to:New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of

corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein

Question:Question: How might Britain’s How might Britain’s advantages and early advantages and early industrialization have affected its industrialization have affected its prosperity in the 19prosperity in the 19thth Century? Century?

Possible Answer: Britain’s advantages and early industrialization must have contributed to its general prosperity

7/Q7/Q

1/71/7

Which statement would a critic of Which statement would a critic of capitalism have most likely made capitalism have most likely made during the I.R.?during the I.R.?

a.“Rapid economic growth destroys our natural resources.”

b. “Most of our consumer goods are produced overseas.”

c. “Business owners get rich while workers remain poor.”

d.“The cost of machinery and new factories is too high.”

2/72/7

Nineteenth-century socialists Nineteenth-century socialists made significant gains in made significant gains in

a.The United States Congress.

b.The labor movement.

c.Abolitionism.

d.Halting the Industrial Revolution.

3/73/7

What was the relationship What was the relationship between work and property in a between work and property in a utopian community? utopian community?

a.Those who worked the most owned the most property.

b.A few owned most of the property while others worked for them.

c.People worked separately but shared their property.

d.People worked together and shared their property.

4/74/7

With what economic idea is Karl With what economic idea is Karl Marx most closely associated?Marx most closely associated?

a.Capitalism

b.Socialism

c.Communism

d.Social democracy

5/75/7

Citizens in a social democracy Citizens in a social democracy expect their government toexpect their government to

a.Provide them with certain benefits.

b.Leave the economy alone.

c.Own all the factors of production.

d.Engage in collective bargaining.

6/76/7

Which economic system emerged Which economic system emerged in Europe as a response to in Europe as a response to bothboth capitalist and socialist ideals?capitalist and socialist ideals?

a.Socialism

b.Communism

c.Trade unionism

d.Social democracy

7/77/7

Why did Utopianism, Social Why did Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Democracy, Socialism, and Communism emerge as response Communism emerge as response to capitalism?to capitalism?

a. Some reformers wanted to increase competition among factory owners.

b. Some reformers opposed the capitalist system because they felt it was destroying lives, disrupting families, ruining cities, and forcing people to work for nearly slave wages.

c. Workers around the world, motivated by religious values, wanted to create new communities based on those values.

d. Some reformers felt that factory owners should receive most of the wealth produced by their factories, because they contributed so much to the economy.

Bibliographic Sources

) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm

California Content Standard California Content Standard

10.3.7 10.3.7

California Content Standard California Content Standard

10.3.7 10.3.7

Students will be able to describe the emergence of Students will be able to describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of

William Blake and William Wadsworth), social William Blake and William Wadsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and

the move away from Classicism in Europe.the move away from Classicism in Europe.

Students will be able to describe the emergence of Students will be able to describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of

William Blake and William Wadsworth), social William Blake and William Wadsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and

the move away from Classicism in Europe.the move away from Classicism in Europe.

ClassicismClassicism sought to imitate the arts of sought to imitate the arts of ancient Greece. Tradition, reason, and ancient Greece. Tradition, reason, and symmetry were prized. symmetry were prized.

The forms of plays and musical The forms of plays and musical compositions followed particular rules; compositions followed particular rules; painters and architects incorporated painters and architects incorporated subjects and images from the ancient subjects and images from the ancient world.world.

ClassicismClassicism sought to imitate the arts of sought to imitate the arts of ancient Greece. Tradition, reason, and ancient Greece. Tradition, reason, and symmetry were prized. symmetry were prized.

The forms of plays and musical The forms of plays and musical compositions followed particular rules; compositions followed particular rules; painters and architects incorporated painters and architects incorporated subjects and images from the ancient subjects and images from the ancient world.world.

Nineteenth-century European art, Nineteenth-century European art, music, and literature were dominated music, and literature were dominated by two styles: and by two styles: and romanticism.romanticism.

classicisclassicismm

Romanticism Romanticism emphasized love of nature, emphasized love of nature, emotional expression, individual experience, emotional expression, individual experience, and the importance of ordinary people and folk and the importance of ordinary people and folk traditions. traditions.

Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler past – a time when noble people lived in past – a time when noble people lived in harmony with unspoiled nature a past that did harmony with unspoiled nature a past that did not in fact exist. not in fact exist.

Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and became widely popular. In some ways, became widely popular. In some ways, Romanticism reflected the spirit concerns of its Romanticism reflected the spirit concerns of its time.time.

Romanticism Romanticism emphasized love of nature, emphasized love of nature, emotional expression, individual experience, emotional expression, individual experience, and the importance of ordinary people and folk and the importance of ordinary people and folk traditions. traditions.

Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler past – a time when noble people lived in past – a time when noble people lived in harmony with unspoiled nature a past that did harmony with unspoiled nature a past that did not in fact exist. not in fact exist.

Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and became widely popular. In some ways, became widely popular. In some ways, Romanticism reflected the spirit concerns of its Romanticism reflected the spirit concerns of its time.time.

Nineteenth-century European art, Nineteenth-century European art, music, and literature were dominated music, and literature were dominated by two styles: classicism andby two styles: classicism and

Nineteenth-century European art, Nineteenth-century European art, music, and literature were dominated music, and literature were dominated by two styles: classicism andby two styles: classicism andromanticisromanticis

While Across Europe…

…romanticism celebrated… Example

…people demanded more political power from their royal rulers,…

…the value of ordinary people.

William Wordsworth wrote poetry that used the language of ordinary people.

…industrialization caused pollution, and people left rural areas for cities,…

…the beauty of nature. Beethoven’s Pastoral symphony expressed his love of nature.

Romanticism’s focus on the value of ordinary people and their experiences led to the development of social criticism – artistic work that identifies and expresses concern for problems in society.

The fiction of Charles Dickens was known for its social criticism.

In a Christmas Carol, for instance, Dickens vividly describes the sufferings of the poor.

Romanticism’s focus on the value of ordinary people and their experiences led to the development of social criticism – artistic work that identifies and expresses concern for problems in society.

The fiction of Charles Dickens was known for its social criticism.

In a Christmas Carol, for instance, Dickens vividly describes the sufferings of the poor.

The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850)

The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850)The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850)

A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics.

Early support of the French Revolution.

Rise of the individual alienation.

Dehumanization of industrialization.

Radical poetics / politics an obsessionwith violent change.

A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics.

Early support of the French Revolution.

Rise of the individual alienation.

Dehumanization of industrialization.

Radical poetics / politics an obsessionwith violent change.

Enlightenment

EnlightenmentSociety is good, curbing

violent impulses!Society is good, curbing violent impulses!

Civilization corrupts!Civilization corrupts!

RomanticismRomanticismEarly19c

Early19c

A Growing Distrust of ReasonA Growing Distrust of Reason

The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional.

Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces.

“Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness the community is more important.

The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional.

Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces.

“Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness the community is more important.

The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.

Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany.

A reaction against classicism.

The “Romantic Hero:”

Greatest example was Lord Byron

Tremendously popular among the European reading public.

Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.

Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany.

A reaction against classicism.

The “Romantic Hero:”

Greatest example was Lord Byron

Tremendously popular among the European reading public.

Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

6/Q6/Q

“How glad I am to be able to roam in wood and thicket, among the trees and flowers and rocks”

-Ludwig van Beethoven

What Romantic value is expressed in Beethoven’s words about nature?

a. Scientific knowledge

b. Personal experience

c. The ability to travel

d. The diversity of life

“How glad I am to be able to roam in wood and thicket, among the trees and flowers and rocks”

-Ludwig van Beethoven

What Romantic value is expressed in Beethoven’s words about nature?

a. Scientific knowledge

b. Personal experience

c. The ability to travel

d. The diversity of life

Which would have been the most likely subject for a classical painter?

a.A farmer milking a cow

b.Folk dancing

c.Ancient Greek philosophers

d.A sunset over magnificent mountains

Which would have been the most likely subject for a classical painter?

a.A farmer milking a cow

b.Folk dancing

c.Ancient Greek philosophers

d.A sunset over magnificent mountains

Nineteenth-century European Romantics tended to view the past as a

a.Time of ignorance.

b.Time best forgotten.

c.More stimulating time.

d.Gentler time.

Nineteenth-century European Romantics tended to view the past as a

a.Time of ignorance.

b.Time best forgotten.

c.More stimulating time.

d.Gentler time.

European Romanticism celebrated the beauty of nature at a time when

a.People were traveling to remote areas for the first time.

b.Industrialization was polluting the land.

c.Agriculture was undergoing a revival.

d.Outdoor recreation had gained in popularity.

European Romanticism celebrated the beauty of nature at a time when

a.People were traveling to remote areas for the first time.

b.Industrialization was polluting the land.

c.Agriculture was undergoing a revival.

d.Outdoor recreation had gained in popularity.

European Romantics celebrated ordinary people at a time when they

a.Lived in democracies.

b.Showed little interest in politics.

c.Demanded their rights.

d.Idealized the nobility.

European Romantics celebrated ordinary people at a time when they

a.Lived in democracies.

b.Showed little interest in politics.

c.Demanded their rights.

d.Idealized the nobility.

A 19th-Century novel that attempted “social criticism” might have shown how a young hero or heroine was affected by

a.A week at the seashore.

b.Growing up in a loving family.

c.Being educated in the arts.

d.Industrial pollution.

A 19th-Century novel that attempted “social criticism” might have shown how a young hero or heroine was affected by

a.A week at the seashore.

b.Growing up in a loving family.

c.Being educated in the arts.

d.Industrial pollution.

Mr. Cargile Mission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA

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