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Motivation and Emotion
Unit 9
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Why?
Why do you play sports so intensely?
Why do you practice music so long?
Why do you memorize songs?
Do you know who the Toledo Mud Hens are?
3
Study or Party?
What is learned helplessness?
• Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.
I have no control over what goes on around me.
It’s all LUCK!!!
I can’t do it, so why try?
Can it be changed?
YESYES
Motivation
• An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.
• Includes the various psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way at a certain time.
• William McDougall– Instinct theory
• Natural or inherited tendencies to make a specific response to certain environmental stimuli without involving reason.
• A flaw however:– Instincts do not explain behavior; they simply
label it.
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Instincts for Humans
A Question
So, what motivates
us to action?
• Need Drive• Need – results from a lack of something
desirable or useful– Can be physiological or psychological
• Drive – an internal condition that can change over time and pushes the individual towards a specific goal or goals.
• Drive-reduction theory– Clark Hull
• All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs.• Some say Hull overlooked motivation.
Text
Depravation leads to agitation.
Quick Check
What is the difference between
a need and a drive?
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Homeostasis
Clark Hull – approval becomes a learned drive.
Drive-reduction theory
• Drive-reduction– Emphasizes the internal states.
• Incentive– Stresses the role of the environment.– The object we seek or the result we are trying
to achieve.– Reinforces, goals, and rewards.
• Drives push needs; incentives pull to obtain.
Cognitive Theory
• Psychologists seek to explain by looking at forces inside and outside of us that energize us to move.
• Two types:– Extrinsic
• Activities that reduce biological needs or obtain incentives or external rewards.
– Intrinsic• Engaging in activities because those activities are personally
rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or expectations.
Biological and Social Motives
• Why is it that some people seem more motivated than others when it comes to achieving something?
• Much of life is spent trying to satisfy biological and social needs.
• Biological needs are physiological requirements that we must fulfill to survive.
• Social needs are those that are learned through experience.
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Some Biological Needs Some Social Needs
•Food•Water•Oxygen•Sleep•Avoidance of Pain
•Need to excel•Need for social bonds•Need to nourish and protect others
•Needs to influence or control others
•Need for orderliness•Need for fun and relaxation
Biological Motives
• Critical to survival and physical well-being.• Built-in regulating systems work like
thermostats to maintain such internal processes as body temperature, the level of sugar in the blood, and the production of hormones.
• Homeostasis – the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations.
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The Story of D.W.
Hunger
• What motivates you to seek food?• What produces a hunger sensation?• What makes you hungry?
• To what is your body responding?
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• Lateral Hypothalamus – The part of the hypothalamus that produces
hunger signals.
• Ventromedial hypothalamus– The part of the hypothalamus that can cause
one to stop eating.
• Three kinds of information the hypothalamus interprets:– The amount of glucose entering the cells,– Your set-point (day-to-day weight)– Body temperature
Hunger – Other Factors
• External– Where, When, What we eat– Smell– Peer pressure (to eat; to not eat)– Psychological
• Binge eating• Depressed eating• Stress eating• Boredom
Obesity
• Obese – 30% or more above the ideal weight.
• Overweight – 20% over the ideal weight.
• Stanley Schachter (Columbia):– Research study - normal people eat when
hungry and obese people eat either way.– Interval cues vs. External cues.
Anorexia Nervosa
• About 1% of people suffer from the disease.
Social Motives
• Learned from interactions with other people.• Need for achievement.• Fear of failure.• Fear of success.
– Martina Horner– “After first term finals, ____ finds himself at the top of
____ medical school class.– Bright women had a strong fear of success than did
average or slightly above average women.
Michele Bachmann
Expectancy-Value
• Developed by J.W. Atkinson
• Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success.
• Value – what the goal is worth.
Abraham Maslow
• Humanistic psychology.
• ALL humans need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense they are achieving something.
The Need To Belong
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What Evidence Points to Our Human Need to Belong?
• Aristotle - We are social
• “Without friends no one would choose to live, through he had all other goods.”
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This doesn’t mean that we need...
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Survival
1) Staying close to kin.
2) Cooperation.
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What Is It That Makes Your Life Meaningful?
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Pause to Consider
What was your most satisfying moment in
the past week?
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Happy People are distinguished by their
rich and satisfying relationships.
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Mark Leary
• Much of our social behavior is directed toward increasing our belonging.
• To avoid rejection:– Reform
• To win friendships and esteem:– Monitor our behavior
• Seeking love and belonging– Just how far are we willing to go?
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Sustaining Relationships
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People Fear...
• Being Alone.
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Emotions
Brandi Chastain hits the winning goal.
How do you think she felt?
Psychological vs. Biological
• Drive/motivation = the emphasis placed on needs, desires, and mental calculations that lead to goal-directed behavior.
• Emotion/affect = the feelings associated with these decisions and activities.
• Sometimes emotions function like biological drives – our feelings energize us and make us pursue a goal.
• Emotions:• a subjective feeling provoked by real or imagined
objects or events of significance to the individual.
• Result from four occurrences:1.Must interpret some stimulus.
2.You have a subjective feeling. Fear or happiness.
3.You experience physiological responses. Increased heart rate.
• You display an observable behavior. Smiling or crying.
• All emotions have three parts:1. Physical
How does the emotion affect the physical arousal?
2. Behavioral The outward expression of the emotion.
3. Cognitive How we think about or interpret a situation.
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Paul Eckman
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Common Expressions
• Joy• Anger• Sadness• Surprise• Fear• Disgust• Contempt
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The Range of Emotions
• Graphic from page 329 in textbook.
• Emotions are universal, but the expression of them is limited by learning how to express them.
Physiological Theories
• William James (1890)– Just about every emotion he read
emphasized bodily change.
1. The James-Lange Theory
2. Facial Feedback Theory (Carroll Izard)
3. The Cannon-Bard Theory
• James-Lange Theory
↓ You experience psychological change.
↓ Your brain interprets the psychological changes.
↓ You feel a specific emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
• Facial Feedback Theory (Carroll Izard)
↓ The muscles in your face move to form an expression.
↓ Your brain interprets the muscle movement.
↓ You feel an emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
• Cannon-Bard Theory
↓ Your experience activates the hypothalamus.
↓ This produces messages to the cerebral cortex and your body organs. The reacting organs activate sensory signals.
↓ Sensory signals combine with cortical message, yielding emotion.
Cognitive Theories
• Bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotion.
1. The Schachter-Singer Experiment
2. Opponent-Process Theorya. Solomon-Corbit Theory
• Schachter-Singer Experiment
↓ You experience physiological arousal.
↓ You interpret (cognitively) environmental cues.
↓ You feel an emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
• Opponent-Process Theory
↓ Physiological processes clearly are controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.
↓ Operates under classical conditioning theory.
↓ Sympathetic = energizes the body.↓ Parasympathetic = calms the body.
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