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Morphology: Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word Cross-linguistic variation in word
formationformation
Linguistics 400Linguistics 400
Winter 2010Winter 2010
OverviewOverview• More word formation typesMore word formation types
• InfixationInfixation• CompoundingCompounding• Reduplication Reduplication • Vowel or consonant substitutionVowel or consonant substitution• Simultaneous morphemesSimultaneous morphemes
• For further learning about morphologyFor further learning about morphology• LING 481LING 481
AffixationAffixation
Suffixation: root-Suffixation: root-affixaffix deliver-deliver-ableable
Prefixation: Prefixation: affixaffix-root-root unun-certain-certain
Infixation: ro-Infixation: ro-affixaffix-ot-ot a-a-wholewhole-nother-nother fan-fan-freakin’freakin’-tastic-tastic
InfixationInfixation
Ulwa, a.k.a. Sumo Tawahka, Sumo-Mayangna
Ulwa infixationUlwa infixation
‘‘his/her...’his/her...’
[[bbɑs]s] ‘‘hair’hair’ [[bbɑsskkɑ]]
[[su:lu]su:lu] ‘‘dog’dog’ [[su:su:kkɑlu]lu]
[si[siwwɑnnɑk]k] ‘‘root’root’ [si[siwwɑkkɑnnɑk]k]
[[ɑnnɑ:l:lɑ:k:kɑ]] ‘‘chin’chin’ [[ɑnnɑ::kkɑllɑ:k:kɑ]]
-kɑ(-) ‘his/her’
CompoundingCompounding
[root][root] [root][root] machine gunmachine gun land lineland line snail mailsnail mail
Predictability of meaningPredictability of meaning ’’roid rage roid rage (< 1987; ‘road rage’ < 1988)(< 1987; ‘road rage’ < 1988)
football football (< 1486; ‘American football’ 1879)(< 1486; ‘American football’ 1879)
soap opera soap opera (< 1939)(< 1939)
CompoundingCompounding and lexical category and lexical category
nounnoun verbverb adjectiveadjective
nounnoun tray tabletray table friend requestfriend request skin-deepskin-deep
verbverb thinktankthinktank stir-frystir-fry ??
adjectiveadjective high schoolhigh school dry-cleandry-clean red-hotred-hot
Righthand head ruleRighthand head rule Lexical category of entire compound = lex. cat. of Lexical category of entire compound = lex. cat. of
rightmost memberrightmost member
Compound stressCompound stress
GrGreeen Lakeen Lakebluebirdbluebirdffasast lanet laneBBiigfootgfootbad boybad boyold schoolold schoolhotlinehotlineMyspaceMyspace
Compounds in Mandarin ChineseCompounds in Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin—very little affixationMandarin—very little affixation -/-/ɤ̌�ɹ/ ‘little’ (diminutive) (also means ‘son’)ɤ̌�ɹ/ ‘little’ (diminutive) (also means ‘son’)
Some compoundsSome compounds [wà[wàŋ ʨŋ ʨhhjɔ̌�w]jɔ̌�w] ‘ ‘net’ ‘ball’net’ ‘ball’ ‘ ‘tennis’tennis’ [kwàn [kwàn ʨjá]ʨjá] ‘ ‘manage’ ‘house’ manage’ ‘house’ ‘ ‘housekeeper’housekeeper’
ReduplicationReduplication
Chukchee, a.k.a. Chukchee, a.k.a. ChukotChukot
ReduplicationReduplication
Chukchee (Russia)Chukchee (Russia)
[jil[jile]e] ‘‘gopher’ gopher’
[jil[jileejiljil] ] ‘‘gopher’ (absolutive singular) gopher’ (absolutive singular)
[nute] [nute] ‘‘earth, ground’ earth, ground’
[nute[nutenutnut] ] ‘‘earth, ground’ (absolutive singular)earth, ground’ (absolutive singular)
/jil/jile-RED/, RED = reduplicante-RED/, RED = reduplicant
ReduplicationReduplication
English English red redred red home homehome home
meaning: ‘real, true, really’ meaning: ‘real, true, really’
Vowel substitutionVowel substitution
= Ablaut= Ablaut
present past past participlepresent past past participle
ssiing sng saang have sng have suungng
rriing rng raang have rng have ruungng
drdriinknk dr draanknk have dr have druunknk
[i] [e] [ʌ]
Consonant substitutionConsonant substitution
SahaptinSahaptinMeaningsMeanings
larger – smallerlarger – smaller more important less importantmore important less important
FormsForms q – kq – k n ln l ɬɬ ʃʃ s s ttɬɬ ʧʧ ts ts
Uvular place of articulationUvular place of articulation
[q] = voiceless uvular stop[q] = voiceless uvular stop [[qqɨɨp] ‘shoot, fire’p] ‘shoot, fire’ [w[wɑɑqit] ‘search for’qit] ‘search for’
compare [k]compare [k] [[kkɨɨtu] ‘fast’tu] ‘fast’ [wilj[wiljɑɑki] ‘chaps’ki] ‘chaps’
velar
uvular
q’tq’tɑɑɑɑtt ‘‘thick’thick’
(cardboard, (cardboard, biscuit, biscuit, helmet)helmet)
k’tk’tɑɑɑɑtt ‘‘thick’thick’
(canvas, bread, (canvas, bread, tile)tile)
q – k
Related pairs of wordsRelated pairs of words
thicker and/or more solid
ʔʔɨɨnniitiit ‘‘house’house’ ʔʔɨɨlliitiit ‘‘shack, shack, shed’shed’
n - l
mjmjɑɑnnɑɑʃʃ ‘‘child’child’ mjmjɑɑllɑɑss ‘‘baby’baby’
n, ʃʃ - l, s
χχɑɑɬjɬjɑɑ ‘‘sunflower’sunflower’ χχɑɑsjsjɑɑ ‘‘wild celery’wild celery’
ɬɬ - s - s
[[χχ] = voiceless uvular fricative] = voiceless uvular fricative
Some forms of Some forms of ‘write’ /ktb/‘write’ /ktb/
perfectiveperfective
activeactive passivepassive
II katabkatab kutibkutib
‘‘wrote’wrote’ ‘‘was written’was written’
IIII kattabkattab kuttibkuttib
‘‘made write’made write’ ‘‘was made to write’was made to write’
IIIIII kaatabkaatab kuutibkuutib
‘‘corresponded with’corresponded with’ ‘‘was corresponded with’was corresponded with’
Modern Standard Arabic verbal Modern Standard Arabic verbal morphology morphology
Simultaneous morphologySimultaneous morphology
u iu i perfective passiveperfective passive
CVVCVCCVVCVC III III waznwazn: ‘to direct, strive to, act in : ‘to direct, strive to, act in conjunction with’conjunction with’
ktbktb ‘‘write’write’
[kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’[kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’
‘correspond’
Verb root (consonants)Verb root (consonants)
# of Cs# of Cs exampleexample
33 /ktb//ktb/ ‘‘to write’to write’
22 /sm//sm/ ‘‘to poison’to poison’
11 /j//j/ ‘‘to write the letter y’to write the letter y’
Morphology summaryMorphology summary
MorphemesMorphemesMorphological analysisMorphological analysisLexical categoryLexical categoryTypes of word formationTypes of word formation
QuestionQuestion
Think of a compound in your native Think of a compound in your native language (if English, use an example language (if English, use an example different from those provided above). Give different from those provided above). Give the meaning of the whole compound as the meaning of the whole compound as well the meaning of its parts (if different).well the meaning of its parts (if different).
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