Monsoons. Monsoon Flow Patterns (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd...

Monsoons

Monsoon Flow Patterns

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Thickness View of the Monsoon

z

N

Ptrop

P1WARM COLD

H

L

(in the lower troposphere)

p

(PGF: high to low, f: right of motion)

Force Balances: Impact of Friction

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Thickness View of the Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Symmetric Heating: Walker Circulation

(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)

(u,v) - vectorsw - contours

(u,v) - vectorsp - contours

Meridionally-integrated flow

heat forcing

Symmetric Heating: Hadley Circulation

(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)

zonal velocity

streamfunction

pressure perturbation

Recall: n=1 ER and n=0 MRG Waves

(Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figures 4c and 6b. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.)

n=0 MRG Waven=1 ER Wave

n=2 Equatorial Rossby Waves

(Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figure 5c. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.)

Location of maximized speed convergence

Winds maximized near equator and decay rapidly N/S

from there

Minimal cross-equatorial flow

Location of maximized divergence

Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)

(u,v) - vectorsw - contours

(u,v) - vectorsp - contours

heat forcing

Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)

zonal velocity

streamfunction

pressure perturbation

Symmetric + Asymmetric Solution

(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)

(u,v) - vectorsw - contours

(u,v) - vectorsp - contours

Asian Monsoon: Structure

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

Asian Monsoon: Key Features

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Asian Monsoon: Normal Onset Date

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Asian Monsoon: Precipitation

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Oceanic Transport: Asian Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Mei-yu/Baiu Front

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Mei-yu/Baiu Front: Precipitation

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Total Rainfall Mei-yu/Baiu-related Rainfall

Monsoon Trough

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Structure of the Australian Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

Oceanic Transport: Australian Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Australian/Maritime Continent Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

West African Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

NH Summer SH Summer

Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

Monsoons of the Americas

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

North American Monsoon South American Monsoon

North American Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

South American Monsoon

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Indian Ocean Dipole

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

Active and Break Periods

(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

active

break

Convection Modulation

Red: suppressed

Blue: enhanced