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Monitoring for Fish and Wildlife Management
Monitoring for Fish and Wildlife Management
David R. Smith
USGS – Leetown Science Center
Why Monitor?Why Monitor?
Monitoring is the systematic acquisition of information over time to support management decisions• Determine if management objectives are
being met, • Assess the status of populations or habitats
being managed, or • Reduce the uncertainty that is impeding
decision making.
The “old way” delivery of monitoring design to natural resource managerThe “old way” delivery of monitoring design to natural resource manager
Here’s my report. You’re welcome.
Goodbye.
Um, thanks, I think.
Adaptive ManagementAdaptive Management
Monitoring design comes after• Objectives• Alternatives• Models
First figure out what needs to be measured, and then figure out how to measure it.
Adaptive ManagementAdaptive Management
System Model Prediction
Monitoring ObservationSystem Model*
Learning Adapt
Slide credit: Michael C. Runge & James D. NicholsUSGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
Management objectives
A priori list of managementactions that could affect
populations or habitats and models to predict
consequences of actions
Targeted monitoringfor adaptive
management
Yes
Surveillance monitoringfor sequential evaluation
of resource condition
No
Monitoring Types
Monitoring TypesMonitoring Types
Targeted• Tightly focused on decision
at hand or specific management actions
• Linked to predictive models or specific a priori hypotheses
• Predictive models are conceptual or quantitative
• Monitor measurable attributes determined for specific management objectives
• Designed to be efficient for the decision at hand
Surveillance• Not focused on a particular
decision or management actions
• Can be linked to conceptual models, but not always
• Typically broad geographic, temporal, and taxonomic scope
• Trend detection is often the objective, and power might be low or unevaluated
Monitoring Types (examples)Monitoring Types (examples)
Targeted• Adaptive Harvest Management Program for Waterfowl• Adaptive Management of Horseshoe Crabs and Red Knots
in Delaware Bay • Integrated Waterbird Management and Monitoring• Salt Marsh Management and Monitoring
Surveillance• Breeding Bird Survey• EMAP • NPS I&M Networks• NASA Earth System Research Laboratory: carbon
dioxide monitoring
Targeted Monitoring for Adaptive ManagementTargeted Monitoring for Adaptive Management
System Model Prediction
Monitoring ObservationSystem Model*
Learning Adapt
Slide credit: Michael C. Runge & James D. NicholsUSGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
Surveillance MonitoringSurveillance Monitoring
MonitoringObservation
Significant decline?
Observation
Yes
Active management
Initiate study to determine cause
of decline
Active management
Critique of Surveillance MonitoringCritique of Surveillance Monitoring A time-lag is imposed when active
management is delayed until significant trend
It’s costly to initiate study after decline is detected, and it might not be effective at determining best management action.
“We believe that this approach to monitoring [i.e., surveillance] is inefficient and frequently ineffective.” Nichols and Williams (2006) Monitoring for conservation. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 21:668-673.
Discovering ‘unknown unknowns’Discovering ‘unknown unknowns’
Not everything important can be foreseen – there are surprises in life• Emerging diseases and pollutants
Surveillance monitoring might be better at discovering surprises because typically broad geographic, temporal, and taxonomic scale• However, targeted monitoring also has a chance of
discovering emerging and unanticipated issues• And, neither surveillance or targeted monitoring can
guarantee discovery of emerging and unanticipated issues
Discovering ‘unknown unknowns’Discovering ‘unknown unknowns’
Wintle et al. (2010) Allocating monitoring effort in the face of unknown unknowns. Ecology Letters 13:1325-1337
Surveillance monitoring is justified when • it has a better chance of discovering emerging
and unanticipated issues than targeted monitoring, and
• expected benefits from discovery are higher than benefits from targeted monitoring
SummarySummary
Limited budgets requires tradeoffs in what and how we monitor for fish and wildlife management
Targeted monitoring supports decision making by integrating with management• Monitoring design comes after objectives, alternatives, and
predictive modeling Surveillance monitoring is not directly linked to specific
management, but can be justified when• It has a better chance of discovering emerging and
unanticipated issues and• The benefit of discovery outweighs benefit of targeted
monitoring
Recent pubsRecent pubs
Nichols and Williams (2006) Monitoring for conservation. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 21:668-673
Lyons et al. (2008) Monitoring in the context of structured decision-making and adaptive management. JWM 72:1683-1692
Wintle et al. (2010) Allocating monitoring effort in the face of unknown unknowns. Ecology Letters 13:1325-1337
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