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8/10/2019 Module 4 Cloud Computing SaaS 2s
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Module 4: Cloud Computing &SaaS
Overview
a s c ou compu ng
Business advantages
Architecture
Issues and challenges
Utility Computing
Grid computing
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Definitions The rise of the cloud is more than just another platform shift that
gets geeks excited. It will undoubtedly transform the IT industry, butit will also profoundly change the way people work and companiesoperate. - The Economist, Let it Rise, 10/23/08 (Sun CloudComputing 2009)
A pool of highly scalable, abstracted infrastructure, capable ofhosting end-customer applications, that is billed by consumption-(Staten 2008, Forrester Research)
Cloud computing is the set of disciplines, technologies, andbusiness models used to render IT capabilities as on-demand
services (www.burtongroup.com) Cloud Computing is the sum of SaaS and Utility Computing
(Armbrustet al. 2009)
Definitions (con)
Its one of the foundations of the next generation of computing. . ..Its a world where the network is the platform for all computing,
that connects to the big computer were building. Cloud computing isa great way to think about how well deliver computing services inthe future. Tim OReilly, CEO, OReilly Media (Sun Cloud
Computing 2009) A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a
collection of interconnected and virtualised computers that aredynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unifiedcomputing resources based on service-level agreementsestablished throu h ne otiation between the service rovider andconsumers (Buyyaet al. 2008)
Clouds are clearly next-generation data centerswith nodesvirtualized through hypervisor technologies such as VMs,dynamically provisioned on demand as a personalized resourcecollection to meet a specific service-level agreement, which isestablished through a negotiation and accessible as a composableservice via Web 2.0 technologies(Buyyaet al. 2008)
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What is Cloud Computing? New computing paradigms have been proposed and
adopted, with the emergence of technologicala vances suc as c us er compu ng, r compu ng,P2P computing, service computing, market-orientedcomputing, and most recently Cloud computing-(Buyyaet al. 2008)
Clouds provide on demand resources or servicesover the Internet, usually at the scale and with thereliability of a data center (Grossman 2008)
ou use w a you nee an you pay or w a you use
e.g. Amazon S3 and Simple DB and Google AppEngine all charge based on storage, bandwidth, andCPU time services run on shared infrastructure
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing gives an edge to enterprises
capacities on the fly without having to invest in
infrastructure, training or licenses. One of themost important features of cloud computing isautomated management and reallocation ofresources. This means that a user can work ona platform without worrying about adaptability,scalability and elasticity.
Kaustubh Dhavse
Deputy Director of ICT practice at Frost & Sullivan
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Cloud Computing 3.19 min.
Youtube Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms
What is driving businesses tocloud-scale?
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Drivers
Ranked Number 1 Ranked in Top 3
Cost saving 34% 65%
Uptime/High availability 17% 46%
Performance 12% 43%
Consumption-based pricing 12% 33%
Scalability 7% 40%
Flexibility 6% 41%Rapid deployment 5% 24%
(Cloud Computing Trends Report 2009)
Why Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is more than pay by drink compute platforms itis a convergence of two major interdependent IT trends (Sun Cloud
IT Efficiency - Minimise costs though virtualisation, improveinfrastructure resource deployment and utilisation
Business Agility - Maximise returns using IT as a competitive weaponthrough rapid time to market, integrated application stacks, instantmachine image deployment, and petascale parallel programming
Example: The New York Times needed to convert 11 million articlesand images in its archive (from 1851 to 1980) to PDF. Their Internal
. . ,developer using 100 Amazon EC2 simple Web service interfaceinstances running Hadoop (an open-source implementation similarto MapReduce) completed the job in 24 hours for less than $300!(open.blogs.nytimes.com, Self-service, Pro-rated Super ComputingFun!)
(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)
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When to apply cloud computing?
Moving internal services to pay-as-you-goinfrastructure
Quick provisioning and de-provisioning of users andresources
Mobility advantages accessing your application or dataanytime, anywhere
Reducing specialised IT administration expertisethrough cloud infrastructure
Lightweight entry/exit service acquisition The business, security, and privacy concerns of cloud-
hosted identities and data
Examples of Use
(Staten 2008)
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Major Cloud Builders
(Staten 2008)
Why IT leaders will embracecloud computing
Separation of data from apps: front end applications will bedelivered in the Web browser while the backend will be
- Front-end and backend databases: will be able to exist in
separate locations much more easily and effectively
Offline access for online apps: Web applications develop anoffline component in addition to the standard onlinecomponent
Ubiquitous mobile Internet access: making Internet accessvirtually ubiquitous -or at least available anywhere you canconnec o a ce ower
Moving CAPEX to OPEX: allows a company to move much ofits infrastructure costs from being capital expenditure(CAPEX) to being operating expenditure (OPEX)
(Hiner2009)
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Maturity Model Stages of evolution for an enterprise data
cen er ry ng o ac eve c ou rvana-James Urquhart
Consolidation Abstraction Automation UtilityMarket
(Urquhart2008Amaturitymodelforcloudcomputing,http://news.cnet.com/830119413_310122295240.html)
Steps in Maturity Model
Consolidation - reduce redundancy and wasted space andequipment by measured planning of both architecture
. Abstraction - occurs when data centers decouple the
workloads and payloads of their data center infrastructure
from the physical infrastructure itself, and manage to theabstraction instead of the infrastructure. Automation - comes into play when data centers
systematically remove manual labor requirements for run timeoperation of the data center.
y - s e s age a w c a a cen ers n ro uce econcepts of self-service and metering.
Market - is achieved when utilities can be brought togetherover the Internet to create an open competitive marketplacefor IT capabilities (an "Inter-cloud", so to speak)
Urquhart 2008
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The Architectural Services
Layers of Cloud Computing Software as a Service (SaaS) SaaS is at the highest layer
and features a complete application offered as a service,, - . .
Platform as a Service (PaaS) The middle layer, or PaaS, isthe encapsulation of a development environment abstractionand the packaging of a payload of services, e.g. Commercialexamples include Google App Engine, which servesapplications on Googles infrastructure
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS is at the lowestlayer and is a means of delivering basic storage and compute
-
commercial example is Amazon Web Services, whose EC2and S3 services offer bare-bones compute and storageservices (respectively)
(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)
Cloud computing services
Virtualization - Solves core challenges of data centermanagers Higher utilization rates Resource consolidation
Lower power usage/costs Space savings Disaster recovery/business continuity Reduced operations costs
O eratin S stem Virtualization Platform Virtualization Network Virtualization Application Virtualization
(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)
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Cloud computing services Software Deployment
- -packaging of software components, data, serverand storage pools, and other cloud resourcesmakes efficient resource allocation, re-use, andmanagement possible
Machine Images - Machine images contain user-specific applications, libraries, data, and
within the cloud e.g. Paid AMIs(Amazon MachineImages) can be created by ISVs and stored on
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)
Major Obstacles-cloud computingproviders must overcome
Cloud
Computing
Trends
Report
2009
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High-level market-oriented cloud
architecture
(Buyya et al. 2008)
Market oriented CloudArchitecture
Cloud providers will need to consider and meet different QoS parameters ofeach individual consumer as negotiated in specific SLAs.
Market-oriented resource management is necessary to regulate the supplyand demand of Cloud resources at market equilibrium, provide feedback interms of economic incentives for both Cloud consumers and providers, and
promote QoS-based resource allocation mechanisms that differentiateservice requests based on their utility
There are basically four main entities involved Users/Brokers: Users or brokers acting on-their behalf submit service requests from
anywhere in the world to the Data Center and Cloud to be processed.
-Data enter /Cloud service provider and external users/brokers.
VMs: Multiple VM scan be started and stopped dynamically on a single physical machine tomeet accepted service requests, hence providing maximum flexibility to configure variouspartitions of resources on the same physical machine to different specific requirements ofservice requests
Physical Machines: The Data Center comprises multiple computing servers that provideresources to meet service demands.
(Buyya et al. 2008)
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Cloud services
(Linthicum 2006)
Characteristics
Cloud Computing, the long-held dream of computing as a utility, hasthe potential to transform a large part of the IT industry, making
hardware is designed and purchased. Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer
require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their serviceor the human expense to operate it
Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered asservices over the Internet and the hardware and systems software inthe datacenters that provide those services-referred to as Softwareas a Service (SaaS).
.When a Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to thegeneral public, we call it a Public Cloud-the service being sold isUtility Computing
Private Cloud to refer to internal data centers of a business or otherorganization, not made available to the general public.
(Armbrust et al. 2009)
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Challenges Enterprises currently employ conservative IT strategies and are
unwilling to shift from the traditional controlled environments
are in the proof-of concept stage Regulatory pressures also mean that enterprises have to be careful
about where their data gets processed, and therefore, are not ableto employ Cloud services from an open market.
Could be mitigated through SLAs that specify strict constraints onthe location of the resources
The state-of-the-art Cloud technologies have limited support formarket-oriented resource management and they need to beextended to support: negotiation of QoS between users and
providers to establish SLAs; mechanisms and algorithms forallocation of VM resources to meet SLAs; and manage risksassociated with the violation of SLAs.
(Armbrust et al. 2009)
Challenges
(Armbrust et al. 2009)
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Disadvantages Latency and bandwidth related issues associated with any
remote application ar ous ssues re a e o mu p e cus omers poss y s ar ng
the same piece of hardware Having data accessible by third parties (such as the provider
of cloud services) may present security, compliance orregulatory issues.
Clouds that provide on-demand capacity, portability andinteroperability is much more problematic
Example Hadoop is by far the most prevalent system thatprovides on-demand capacity, but, for example, it is not
straightforward for a Hadoop MapReduce application to runon another on-demand capacity cloud that is written in C++
(Grossman 2008)
Infrastructure
Transparency - The application delivery solution used to providetransparent load-balancing services will need to be automated andintegrated into the provisioning workflow process such that resources canbe provisioned on-demand at any time.
Scalability - The "control node" often depicted in high-level diagrams of the"cloud computing mega data center" will need to provide on-demand
dynamic application scalability. Intelligent monitoring - If the number of concurrent users accessing aservice is reaching capacity, then the application delivery solution should beable to not only detect that through intelligent monitoring but participate inthe provisioning of another instance of the service in order to ensure serviceto all clients
-cloud is compromised potentially all services and associated data within thecloud are at risk. It should also provide full application security -from layer 2to layer 7 -in order to thwart potential attacks at the edge. Network security,protocol security, transport layer security, and application security should beprime candidates for implementation at the edge of the cloud, in the controlnode.
4
Things
You
Need
in
a
Cloud
Computing
Infrastructure,
www.devcentral.f5.com
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SaaS & Cloud Computing
Similar to utility computing
Pay as you use
Service on demand
High availability
What is SaaS
SaaS = Software as a Service
It is a Deployment/Delivery model Hosted and Managed by vendor
Delivered across the Internet
It is a Business Model: usage-based pricing (vs.perpetual license model of on-premise software).
Per user per month Per transaction Per GB of storage per month
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
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History of SaaS Born during dot-com era (late 90s)
Apps hosted/managed by Vendor
Remote access through VPN
Almost died with dot-com burst
Early SaaS companies born in early 00s
2003-2005 High-speed Internet growth =
trigger for SaaS Feb 2009 Salesforce.com reported annual
revenues of $1,000 Million USD
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
SaaS Evolution
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
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How SaaS works Network-based access to commercially
ava a e so ware
Multi-tenancy (one-to-many)
Payment Model
Central Application Management
o ware
Infrastructure
Control of Upgrade Process
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
Benefits for clients
Lower entry point -
Software licenses IT infrastructure
Lower operating/maintenance costs Fast, easy deployment (Web browser) Vendor maintains/upgrades application
Consumption-based expenditure Pay As You Go (OpEx vs CapEx) Scale up/down as needed
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
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Benefits for Users Easy deployment/ramp up
No additional hardware/software needed
Any time, Any where access Outside the corporate firewall
Transparent updates
Support direct from Vendor
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
Benefits for Vendors
Economies of Scale Derived from Multi-tenant architecture
e er resource u za on Simplified maintenance
For a well designed app, operating costs per customer drop ascustomer base grows
Better understanding of usage patterns To drive innovation and enhancements
Faster release cycles to keep up with market and competition De-facto access to Global market
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
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Benefits for Vendors Market Reach Catch the Long Tail
Traditional Model
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
Long Tail Continued
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
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SaaS Stack
(Scio Consulting International 2009)
Challenges to be overcome
Federate: A plethora of heterogeneous storage systems exist,creating a homogenous interface is a key step in federating
. Share: Ensuring that distributed storage resource is shared
fairly among users and that no single user can deny access to
others, accidentally or otherwise Security: Operating on non-trusted infrastructure requires the
use of cryptographic mechanisms in order to enforceauthentication and prevent malicious behavior
Reliability: Storage medium and network failures arecommon n a g o a s orage n ras ruc ure, an ere oremechanisms of remote replicas and erasure codes need to beemployed to ensure that persistent reliable access to storeddata is achieved
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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Utility ComputingUtility computing is the on demand deliveryo n ras ruc ure, app ca ons, an us nessprocesses in a security-rich, shared,scalable, and standards based computerenvironment over the Internet for a fee.Customers will tap into IT resourcesand
pay for themas easily as they now get theirelectricity or water - IBM Global Services (Adapted from Rappa 2004)
Utility computing
The amount of computer resources you useis metered and oure char ed for the usa e.The more you use, the more you pay
Youre renting the services you need from anoff-site area Utility computing is an economic model in
which you request and pay for computing
(Grossman 2008) Examples-Amazon's S3 and EC2 are based
upon a utility computing model(Gruman2008)
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Difference in Utility and Cloud
computing From a hardware point of view, three aspects are new in Cloud
Computing
The illusion of infinite computing resources available on demand - therebyeliminating the need for Cloud Computing users to plan far ahead for provisioning
The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users - thereby allowingcompanies to start small and increase hardware resources only when there is anincrease in their needs
Abi li ty to pay for use of computing resour ces on a short-term basis as needed
Difference Utility Computing - is when demand for a service varies with time. For example, a
web startup will need to support a spike in demand when it becomes popular,
followed potentially by a reduction once some of the visitors turn away Cloud Computing - lets an organization pay by the hour for computing resources,
potentially leading to cost savings even if the hourly rate to rent a machine from acloud provider is higher than the rate to own one
Cloud based services can be run by an organization as a private cloud, can beoffered through a utility computing model (Grossman 2008)
(Armbrustet al. 2009)
Utility Business Model
The factors of user necessity, reliability,usabilit utilization scalabilit andexclusivity, when taken together, shape thebusiness model for utility services
The utility model is based on metering usageand constitutes a pay as you go approach.Unlike subscription services, meteredservices are based on actual usa e rates
The provision of computing services isincreasingly driven by economies of scaleand the effective utilization of resources
(Rappa2004)
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Benefits When cloud computing is served with utility computing
it provides a number of benefits reduced capital expense, low barrier to entry, and the
ability to scale up as demand requires, including supportfor brief surges in capacity.
cloud based storage services can easily managed a PB(Petabyte) of data, while managing this much data with atraditional database is problematic.
Utility computing is less capital intensive, you pay forcapacity as you need it
Utility computing allows you to access capacity exactlywhen you need it-e.g. for Web 2.0 applications, with autility computing model, 100 users can be served on oneday and next day 10,000 users can be served
(Armbrustet al. 2009)
Benefits for Providers
Providers can reallocate resources easily andquickly to users that have the highest demands
Efficient usage of resources minimizes operationalcosts for providers since they are now able to
serve a larger community of users without lettingunused resources g unutilized
Enables providers to achieve a better Return OnInvestment (ROI) such as Total Cost of Ownership
to derive positive returns and incremental profitscan be earned with the gradual expansion ofinfrastructure that grows with user demands
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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Benefits for Users Reduction of IT-related operational costs and complexities Users no longer need to invest heavily or encounter difficulties
n u ng an ma n a n ng n ras ruc ures Computing expenditures can now be modeled as a variable
cost depending on the usage patterns of users, instead of asa static cost of purchasing technologies and employing staff tomanage operations
Users neither need to be concerned about possible over-orunder-utilization of their own self-managed IT infrastructuresduring peak or non-peak usage periods
Provides increased flexibility and ease for users to adapt to
their changing business needs and environments
(Yeo et al. 2006)
Major Industrial Solutions forUtility Computing
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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Grid computing A Grid is an Internet-based network of
geographically distributed computing resourcesthat users can share and aggregate to solve large-scale problems-Madhu Chetty and RajkumarBuyya 2002 (Adapted from Yeo et al. 2006)
An infinite number of computing devices rangingfrom high performance systems such assupercomputers and clusters, to specialized
,
systems, and scientific instruments, are logicallycoupled together in a Grid and presented as asingle unified resource to the user-Buyya et al2001 (Adapted from Yeo et al. 2006)
Grid Computing Overview
A Grid user can easily use these globallys r u e r resources y n erac ng
with a Grid resource broker
A Grid user perceives the Grid as a singlehuge virtual computer that providesimmense com utin ca abilities identicalto an Internet user who views the WorldWide Web as a unified source of content
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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Applications soon to be
employed on Grids Aircraft engine diagnostics Virtual observatory Bioinformatics Drug discovery Digital image analysis
Astrophysics, Multi-player gaming
(Yeo et al. 2006)
Grids can be primarily classifiedinto three types
Computational Grids aggregatecom utational ower of loball distributedmachines
Data Grids emphasize on a global-scalemanagement of data to provide data access,integration and processing throughdistributed data repositories
focus on user satisfaction by combining anddelivering services based on users needsand requirements
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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On-Demand assembly of
services in a Utility Grid
(Yeo et al. 2006)
Expected worldwide Gridspending
Expected worldwide Grid spending from year 2005 to 2010 inbillion dollars (Insight Research Corporation)
(Yeo et al. 2006)
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References Armbrust, M., Fox A., Griffith R., Joseph J.D., Katz R.H., KonwinskiA., Lee G., Patterson
D.A., RabkinA., StoicaI. and Zahariaust M. 2009, Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View ofCloud Computing, Available online< - - >. . . - - . .
Bias R. and GibbardS. 2009 Cloud computing increases efficiency & drives bottom line,Clouds bring Green, GoGrid/Server Path.
Buyya R., Yeo C.S. and Venugopal S. 2008 Market-Oriented Cloud Computing: Vision,Hype, and Reality for Delivering IT Services as Computing Utilities, Available Online;.
Foster, I, Zhao,Y, Raicu,Iand Lu, S 2009 Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared, Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE '08, IEEE;
Available Online.
Grossman R.L. 2008 A quick Introduction to Cloud Computing, submitted for publication,preprint, Available online .
Hiner J. 2009, Sanity check: Why corporate IT will eventually embrace cloud computing,Tech Sanity Check. Hosting.com 2009, 2009 CLOUD COMPUTING TRENDS REPORT, 2009 Cloud
Computing Trends Report,eBook, www.hosting.com, Available online:.
References
Linthicum D.S. 2006 Where Cloud Computing meets Enterprise Architecture, BlueMountain Labs.
Ramamurthy B 2009, Cloud computing,AvailableOnline:
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