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Module 31
Assessing Intelligence
Worth Publishers
Assessing Intelligence
One-Minute Intelligence Test
Alfred Binet – French Psychologist developed intelligence test when
schools needed a way to objectively identify students with special needs
believed that all children follow same path of development, some develop more rapidly
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test
performance devised by Binet chronological age that most
typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford
University extended range to include adults Developed test to evaluate
immigrants and WWI army recruits – cultural bias
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = (ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
If mental and chronological age are the same, IQ = 100.
Most current intellectual tests, no longer measure an IQ.
Original formula works for children, not for adults.
Today’s intellectual tests compare mental ability score based on test-taker’s performance relative to the average performance of others that are the same age.
2/3 of all people score between 85-115.
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person’s
future performance (ex. SAT) aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a
person has learned (ex. course exam)
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence
test Subtests – (11)
verbal
performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
Subtest of the WAIS-R -Measures abilities to see similarities
(Transparency/Analogies)
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
To be widely accepted, intelligence tests have to be – Standardized Reliable Valid (Stanford-Binet, Wechsler tests met all
three.)
Assessing Intelligence
Basis for comparing your score to others’ performance –
1. Give test to a representative group of people.
2. When people take test their scores are compared to the sample in #1.
Assessing Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison
with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve (Transparency)
Getting Smarter?Flynn Effect
Flynn Effect
Greater test sophistication? Better nutrition? More education? More stimulation in the environment? Less childhood disease? Smaller families and more parental
involvement?
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test yields
consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test – split test – odd/even alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
Standardized Test
Chitlings Test
Morris Shoe Size Test –
Are these tests – standardized, reliable, valid?
Assessing Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples
the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades)
that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts
the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below
70 produces difficulty in adapting to the
demands of life varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
The Dynamics of Intelligence(Transparency)
Recommended