Modern Philosophy PART FOUR. David Hume Background General Background Life & Writings Other...

Modern PhilosophyPART FOUR

David HumeBackground

General Background Life & Writings

Other publications & career

Goals Motivation

Goal

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Ideas

Ideas Perceptions

Impressions

Ideas

Creative power of the mind

Association of Ideas Atomism

Association

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Ideas

Relations of Ideas & Matters of Fact Division

Relation of Ideas

Matters of Facts

The Gap

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Causation

Goal Goal

External Objects No idea of necessary connection

Internal Impressions Introduction

Mind-Body problem

Voluntary control

The process is unknown

The power is unknown

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Causation

Unintelligibility Causes

Extraordinary Phenomena

Philosophers

No Necessary Connection Position

Single Instances

Mind & Body

No Connection

Conclusion

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Causation

Experience & the Origin of the Idea Experience & Foretelling

Origin of Idea

Billiard ball example

Cause & effect

First definition of “cause”

Second definition of “cause”

Problems with the definitions

Example of the problems: vibrations

David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of

Causation

Customs & Conclusion Custom

Distant times & places

Infinite Regress

Conclusion

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

The Sense & Objects Questions

Why do we attribute continued existence?

Why do we suppose distinct existence?

Senses & continued existence

Senses & distinct existence

Self & Objects Intent

External existence

We do not perceive our body

Sounds, tastes, etc.

Sight does not inform us of distance immediately

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

Philosophers & the Vulgar Three types of impressions

Primary

Secondary

Pains & pleasures

Reason

Contrary conclusions

Imagination

Vividness & involuntariness

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

Constancy, Coherence, Cause & Effect Motivation

Constancy

Coherence & Constancy

Difference between external & internal impressions

The room, porter & letter example.

Reasoning from coherence vs. reasoning from cause & effect

Regularity in perceptions

Imagination in perceptions

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

Constancy

Continued existence

Distinct existence

Neither an Independent nor Continued Existence Experience

Experiments

Additional confirmation of dependence

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

Philosophic & Vulgar Systems The philosophic system

Hume’s criticism

First part of the proposition

Philosophical as palliative remedy

Second part of the proposition

Philosophical has the difficulties of the vulgar

Explanation of the connection

David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses

Double Existence Reason & natural impulses

Psychology of double existence

Opinions

Another advantage

Results First particular

Second particular

Hume’s results

Illusions & problems

Skeptical doubt

David HumePersonal Identity

Preliminaries Other philosophers

Hume

Disagreement

Bundles & Persons Bundles & Change

The mind is a kind of theater

David HumePersonal Identity

Identities & Relations Identity

Relations

Resemblance & Memory

Causation & Analogy to a Commonwealth

Concern, Memory and Conclusion Concern

Memory

Criticism

Conclusion

David HumeEthical Theory

Introduction Work

Science

Moral Judgments Knowledge

Ethics & Relations of Ideas

Hume’s criticism

Ethics & matters of fact

Passions & morality

Moral sentiment

David HumeEthical Theory

Moral Rules Sources of moral rules

Social utility

Sympathy

Benevolence

David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God

Skepticism Introduction

Reason

Causation

Rejection of design

David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God

Five Problems Intro

Finite effect

Imperfect universe

Improvement

Multiple gods

Physical being

David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Agnosticism

Religion Personal views

Boswell

Causation

Miracles

Intelligence

The mystery passage

David HumeResults

Skepticism & Practicality Skeptical results

Hume’s conclusion

Mitigated skepticism

Skepticism

Immanuel KantBackground

Background Personal information

Contributions

Philosophical Motivations & Goals Leibnizian rationalism

Assumptions

First Goal: clarification of the foundations of science

Experience

Second Goal: Resolve the conflict between science & religion, morality and freedom.

Third Goal: Deal with the crisis in metaphysics

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

Critical Philosophy Critiques

“Copernican” revolution

Reality

Varieties of judgment Analytic judgments

Synthetic judgments

A priori knowledge

A posteriori knowledge

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

Analytic a priori

Analytic a posteriori

Synthetic a posteriori

Synthetic a priori

Mathematics

Geometry

Goal: how synthetic a priori judgments are possible in math, physics, and morality.

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

The Transcendent Method Rejection of empiricism

The transcendent method

Space & time

Space

Time

Mathematics

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

Categories of the Understanding Knowledge from sensibility & understanding

Knowledge is from sensibility& understanding in tandem

Concepts

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

12 a priori concepts

Quantity: unity, plurality, totality

Quality: reality, negation, limitation

Modality: possibility-impossibility, existence-non-existence, necessity-contingency

Response to Humean Skepticism Hume’s skepticism

Kant & Substance

Kant & causation

Kant’s subjective-objective distinction

Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge

Theory of Experience Unity & Experience

Synthesis

Synthesis of apprehension in intuition

Synthesis of reproduction in imagination

Synthesis of recognition in a concept

Concepts

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

Phenomena & Noumena Introduction

Phenomena

Noumena

Difficulties

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

Transcendent Illusions of Metaphysics Third Faculty: Reason

Transcendental ideas

Self

Cosmos

God

Problem: application of categories beyond borders

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

The Self The self

No impression of self

Empirical self

Transcendental self

The self of psychology

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

The Cosmos The cosmos

The failure of reason

The antimonies

First

The world has a beginning in time & occupies finite space

The world has no temporal beginning & is spatially & temporally infinite

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

Second

All things can be analyzed into basic components

Nothing can be analyzed into basic components

Third

Some events are free and not determined

No events are free and all events are determined

Fourth

A necessary being exists

There is no necessary being

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

The argument

Kant’s resolution

God Introduction

The ontological argument

Kant’s first refutation of the ontological argument

Kant’s second refutation of the ontological argument

The cosmological argument

The teleological argument

Conclusion

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

Pure Reason Theology & metaphysics

Legitimate use

What does it mean?

Immanuel KantMetaphysics

Pure Reason Theology & metaphysics

Legitimate use

What does it mean?

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Kantian EthicsIntroduction

Introduction Theoretical Reason

Practical Reason

Ethical Works

Emphasis

Rationalism

39

Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant

The Good Will The Good Will & Qualities

Worthiness of Happiness

Virtues

The Goodness of the Good Will

Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law Moral Worth

The Good

Law

Example

Determining the Good

Duty

40

Categorical imperativeImmanuel kant

The Categorical Imperative Law & Will

Imperatives

Examples Suicide

Lying Promises

Rusting Talents

Helping Others

41

Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant

Ends Rational Beings

Objects of the Inclination

Rational Beings

Supreme Practical Principle

Kingdom of Ends

Rational Beings as Legislators

Three Postulates of Morality Introduction

Freedom

Immortality

God

42

Immanuel KantImpact

Impact Significance

Impact