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Modern Electrical PowerModern Electrical PowerProduction and DeliveryProduction and Delivery
Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E.Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E.
Consultantand
Adjunct Professor of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of South Florida
September 16, 2004September 16, 2004
This Powerpoint slideshowThis Powerpoint slideshowis available on theis available on the
USF Power website:USF Power website:
http://web.tampabay.rr.com/usfpower/fehr.htm
Thomas Edison and Thomas Edison and the Incandescent the Incandescent
LampLamp
Nikola Tesla and the Nikola Tesla and the Induction CoilInduction Coil
1100 kWh / person
180 x 109 kWh
40 GW peak
11,000 kWh / person
3 x 1012 kWh
750 GW peak
25,000 kWh / person
10 x 1012 kWh
1500 – 2000 GW peak
U.S Electricity UsageU.S Electricity Usageas a Percentage of Total Energy Usageas a Percentage of Total Energy Usage
18801880 19401940 20002000 20602060YEARYEAR
10%10%
20%20%
40%40%
30%30%
50%50%
60%60%
70%70%
LIGHTINGLIGHTINGMOTORSMOTORS
A/CA/CHEATINGHEATING
REFRIGERATIONREFRIGERATIONAPPLIANCESAPPLIANCES
TV / COMPUTERSTV / COMPUTERS
ELECTRO-ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIALCOMMERCIALCOMMERCIALINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION
ELEC & MECHENGR
ELEC & CIVILENGR
ELEC & MECHENGR
FIRST
GEN
ERATO
RS
AND POW
ER P
LANTS
EARLY
AC
DISTR
IBUTI
ON
LIGHTI
NG AND
MOTO
RS
LARGER
PLA
NTS A
ND
DIVER
SIFIED
SOURCES
HIGH-V
OLTAGE
AC AND D
C
END-U
SE
DIVER
SIFICATI
ON
EVOLUTION REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
R&D, MAT’LS,MFG, PWR
ELECTRONICS
R&D, PWRELECTRONICS
R&D, MAT’LS,PROCESSES, PWR
ELECTRONICS
DISTR
IBUTE
D AND
RENEW
ABLE G
ENER
ATION
FACTS
, CUST
OM P
OWER
,
SUPE
RCONDUCTING X
MSN
ADVANCED
ELEC
TROTE
CHNOLOGIE
S
Technology Leads ToTechnology Leads ToProduct DevelopmentProduct Development
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
Polymer Insulators(Suspension and Post)
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
ACSR Conductor(Aluminum Conductor,
Steel-Reinforced)
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
High-Strength Poles(Tubular Steel and
Spun Concrete)
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
Zinc Oxide VaristorSurge Arresters
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
High-Phase-Order(6-phase and 12-phase)
Transmission Lines
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
Fiber-OpticCommunication
Systems
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
Microprocessor-BasedProtective Relays
Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components
Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage Systems
IGC's 6 Megajoule, 750 kVAIPQ-750 AC Micro-SMES
Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components
StaticExcitationSystems
Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components
DistributedControlSystems
Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components
Soft Starters and Adjustable
Frequency Drives for AC Motor Control
Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components
High-Temperature Superconducting Generators
High-Power Semiconductor DevicesHigh-Power Semiconductor Devices
Ratings up to 8500 volts and 12,000 amperesand increasing every year
DiodesThyristorsSilicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs)Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs)Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)Integrated-Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)
Common DevicesCommon Devices
High-Power Semiconductor ApplicationsHigh-Power Semiconductor Applications
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs)Static Compensators (STATCOMs)Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)
230kV SVC
ReliabilityReliabilityAvailabilityAvailability
Typically at least 99.99% (excluding major storm outages)(excluding major storm outages)
52.5 minutes/year of outage time
May be ok for today, but must improve in the future.
Voltage ControlVoltage Control
Steady State = ±5% normally (ANSI Range A)
= ±10% during contingencies (ANSI Range B)
Harmonic MitigationHarmonic Mitigation
Voltage THD = 5% (V 69 kV)= 2.5% (69 kV < V < 161 kV)= 1% (V 161 kV)
Current THD = 5% to 20% (depending on ratio of shortcircuit availability to load current)
Transient per ITIC Chart (next slide)
ITIC CurveITIC Curve
ANSI ANSI Range BRange B
FRIENDSFRIENDSFlexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electrical eNergy Delivery Systems
DESS
G
DG
FilterUPS
DESS
QCC
Tr.
DESS
G
DG
Computer
Ordinary& High
SuperPremium
DCPower
FRIENDS NWProtector
QCC Protector
NormallyOPEN
Power system A DCNetwork
Power system B
H.V.BusSolid- stateSwitch
Power lines
Customers
Utility Branch,Substations,nearly QCCs.
to
QCC can controldemand side.
L.V.Bus
Tr.
FRIENDS Quality Control Center (QCC)
Outage Restoration after a Major Outage Restoration after a Major DisasterDisaster
Widespread Power System DevastationWidespread Power System DevastationWorse at the Lower (Distribution) VoltagesWorse at the Lower (Distribution) Voltages
Higher-voltage (transmission) circuits are more durable and less susceptable to wind and tree problems.
A utility system has many more circuit-miles of distribution than transmission; therefore, the distribution system has a much greater “exposure.”
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