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Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia
Urodela (Caudata) (salamanders and newts)
Apoda (caecilians)
Anura (frogs and toads)
Shared derived traits of LissamphibiaTable 10-1
Pedicellate teeth
Operculum-columella complex – Transferring air waves into fluid waves and ground vibration into sound.
Levator bulbi muscle
Closed Eye
Thin skin with mucus and poison glands
Implications for physiologyand ecology
Breathing via the skin
Water through the skin – a boon and a bane
The skin as a storehouse for toxins Chapter 10.5
And warning and cryptic pigments Aposematic coloration
Apoda (Gymnophiona) Caecilians
Reduced eyes, sensory tentacles, dermal folds
Apoda ReproductionInternal fertilzation with phallodeum
Oviparous (egg guarding) or viviparous
Cloaca
Adult teeth
Baby teeth grappling
Urodele – Caudata Distribution Holarctic
Aquatic
Terrestrial
ReproductionVisual displays and olfaction
Nasolabial groove
Sexual dimorphism
Hedonic (scent) glands
Fertilization external (few) or internal(most)
Spermatophore Fire salamander - viviparous
Egg mass
Anura most diverse, most widespread Highly derived body form
Urostyle
Illia
AnuraReproduction dominated by vocalization
Expense? See textFunctions of reproductive calls?Explosive versus prolonged breeding?
Whine Chuck
Tungara frogs
Males alone – whine onlyMales with males – Whine- chuckFemales prefer whine- chuck call
Explain the pattern
External fertilization via amplexus
Function of sexual dimorphism?
Male
Female
Biphasic Lifestyle Advantages?Disadvantages?
Amphibian Conservation Issues
Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) Introduced into Australia
Conservation concerns?
Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) introductions
Major Conservation Concern: Amphibian Declines
2006 report:
1,856 species, 32.5 percent of the known species of amphibians, are “globally threatened,” (vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered). By comparison, 12 percent of bird species and 23 percent of mammal species are threatened.
435 amphibian species are in rapid decline, at least 9 species have gone extinct since 1980 and another 113 species have not been reported from the wild in recent years and are considered to be possibly extinct.
Causes?
Amphibian characteristics that increase susceptibility to environmental changes??
Habitat Loss
Over-exploitation as:
Food
Pets - Goliath frog
6 million into Hong Kong/yr
Introduced Species
99% of lakes in Sierra Nevada originally without trout.
Rana mucosa (native frog) declining in part due to trout predation
Amphibian egg survival and ultraviolet light at high elevations
Rana
Hyla
Bufo
UV protected No UV protection
Increased ultraviolet radiation due to reduced ozone
Worldwide studies of UV on amphibiansRed = negative effect of UV
PollutantsNitrogen, pesticides, acidification,
Deformities
Trematodes parasites cause abnormalities
Eggs
Meracidium
Cercaria
Cysts
Chytrid Fungus
Global Climate Change?
Direct: Loren’s paper
Interaction with: disease susceptibility to toxinssusceptibility to parasites
Species Introduction?
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