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Modern Amphibians. Anura/Salientia (frogs & toads) ~ 3500 sp; Triassic Caudata/Urodela (salamanders) ~ 350 sp; Jurassic Apoda/Gymnophiona (caecelians) ~ 60 sp. general features. 'amphibious' life cycle ( metamorphosis ) smooth, glandular skin three chambered heart carnivorous. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Modern Amphibians• Anura/Salientia (frogs & toads) ~ 3500
sp; Triassic
• Caudata/Urodela (salamanders) ~ 350 sp; Jurassic
• Apoda/Gymnophiona (caecelians) ~ 60 sp
general features• 'amphibious' life cycle (metamorphosis)
• smooth, glandular skin
• three chambered heart
• carnivorous
Cutaneous Respiration
Order Anura/Salientia1. distribution cosmopolitan except
Antarctica; tropics especially2. elongate hind limbs & powerful
leg muscles3. strong pelvis fused to the
vertebral column; posterior vertebrae
fused into a urostyle4. sticky, protrusible tongue5. species specific vocalizations6. external fertilization; amplexus
“spades”
Bufo americanus, American Toad
Bufo cognatus, Great Plains Toad
Gastrophryne carolinensis, Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
Pseudacris crucifer, Spring Peeper
Hyla sp., Gray Treefrog complex
Acris crepitans,Blanchard’s Cricket Frog
Rana blairi,Plains Leopard Frog
Rana utricularia, Southern Leopard Frog
Rana catesbeiana, Bullfrog
Rana clamitans,Green Frog
Order Caudata/Urodela1. distribution: primarily northern
hemisphere
2. neoteny- adult retains juvenile features
3. Family Plethodontidae- loss of lungs; cutaneous respiration
4. troglodytes- cave dwellers
reproduction1. courtship: species specific displays
(visual, tactile, & chemical cues)
2. internal fertilization; spermatophore transfer
3. eggs laid in water or moist soil
4. larvae; aquatic & gilled in many
5. territoriality
Ambystoma texanum, Smallmouth Salamander
Ambystoma maculatum, Spotted Salamander
Ambystoma opacum, Marbled Salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum,Barred Tiger Salamander
Courtship in Plethodontids
Nasolabial Groove
Plethodon ouachitae, Rich Mountain Salamander
Plethodon serratus, Southern Redback
Salamander
Eurycea multiplicata,Many-ribbed Salamander
Desmognathus brimleyorum, Ouachita Dusky Salamander
Notopthalmus viridescens, Central Newt
Order Apoda/Gymnophiona
• legless & fossorial
• distribution: tropics
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