mjm@nd.edumjmchegdeptmjmchegdept 1/52 Chemical Engineering as an Academic

mjm@nd.edu http://www.nd.edu/~mjm http://www.nd.edu/~chegdept 1/52

Chemical Engineering as an

Academic Major and a Career

Mark J. McCreadyProfessor and Department Chair

Chemical Engineering

Outline• The origins of chemical engineering

– What was it?

– What has it become?

• What kinds of courses do you take to become a chemical engineer?

• What are the opportunities for research?

• What kinds of careers do chemical engineers follow?

Overview• Chemical engineering is the discipline that

uses a molecular understanding of matter to produce from raw materials in useful quantities, all of the synthetic materials that are used by humankind.

• In addition to chemistry and biology, the primary subjects that make this possible are molecular thermodynamics and transport phenomena.

• The design part of chemical engineering often involves invention of new materials based on molecular knowledge and creation of new cellular level processes -- yes we use bacteria as chemical factories.

Color Scheme

• This is the standard slide, no humor is intended.

• Acknowledgement– Professor Edward Maginn

• Slides on career info

Color Scheme• If you see this color slide, it is possible

that– A. I am not being entirely serious

– B. I am inserting a disclaimer -- in case my colleagues in other disciplines would not agree with what I say !

• It is up to your judgement to decide!!• Acknowledgements

– http://www.notveryfunnyjokes.com

– http:// www.custombutnotgoodmusicclips.com

We can start with a Definition

• www.dictionary.com

• chemical engineering (km-kl nj-nîrng) • n.

• The branch of engineering that deals with the technology of large-scale chemical production and the manufacture of products through chemical processes.

• ------------------------------------------------------------------------• chemical engineer n.

Traditional chemical/petroleum

industry

industry Large distillation tower

industry SHANGHAI OIL REFINERY

http://www.luboil.com/brief/brief.html

industry Fluidized bed Catalytic Cracking

http://www.luboil.com/brief/brief.html

What did chemical engineers look like?

An academic joke• http://www.jokes-for-all.com• At Cambridge University during an examination one day a bright young student popped

up and asked the proctor to bring him Cakes and Ale. The following dialog ensued:

• Proctor: I beg your pardon?

• Student: Sir, I request that you bring me Cakes and Ale.

• Proctor: Sorry, no.

• Student: Sir, I really must insist. I request and require that you bring me Cakes and Ale.

• At this point, the student produced a copy of the four hundred year old Laws of Cambridge, written in Latin and still nominally in effect, and pointed to the section which read (roughly translated): "Gentlemen sitting examinations may request and require Cakes and Ale." Pepsi and hamburgers were judged the modern equivalent, and the student sat there, writing his examination and happily slurping away.

• Three weeks later, the student was fined five pounds for not wearing a sword to the examination.

What is chemical engineering?

• Chemical Engineering originated with the need to transform raw materials into useful products through chemical reactions.

• The reactions were discovered by chemists starting in the 1600’s and by the end of the 1800’s, there was a need to produce large quantities of an ever increasing number of materials.

• The “scale-up” of a laboratory reaction (~grams) to a profitable commercial process 106

grams) is usually not a matter of just making bigger laboratory equipment (flasks, beaker and Bunsen burners).

(Aside) What is engineering?

• “To define it rudely but not inaptly, engineering is the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can do with two dollars.” – -Arthur M. Wellington, The Economic

Theory of the Location of Railways, Introduction (6th ed.,1900).

We can also say about chemical engineering ...

• Chemical engineers use the principles of engineering analysis and knowledge of chemistry to design, build and operate processes that provide society with items such as:

• petroleum fuels, toothpaste, low fat potato chips, paint, plastic for athletic shoes or carpeting, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, computer chips, etc. – If nothing sticks to Teflon, how does it stick to the

– How can you make carpet from crude oil?

Transdermal glucose monitor

http://www.techchem.com/2000nonevasi.html

Brain Cancer implantable “patch”

http://www.guilfordpharm.com/fs_products_f.htm

... the future of chemical engineering ...

• In the future we might expect: replacement bones, tendons, skin and other organs, superconducting integrated circuits, ceramic and plastic automobiles, nonmetallic bridges and building structures and clothes that don’t get dirty!!

Synthesis of replacement parts for people

• Bob Langer, Chemical Enginering Professor at MIT

• Alan Alda,One of Langer’s students

• Video from Scientific American Frontiers

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Chemical reactor for growing heart tissue

Synthetic heart cells

Bad sports clichés

• http://www.sportscliche.com• They wanted it more than we did. • We beat ourselves. • We didn't maintain the intensity for the entire 60

minutes.• We brought our A-game.• I'm really proud of the way our guys hung in there.

• He's an impact player. • He's some kind of player. (Mind telling us what kind?) • You can't say enough about him. • He’s the real deal!

Not a cliché !

• “Chemical Engineering is what chemical engineers do!” J. Wei, Dean of Engineering at Princeton

– Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering are not defined by what we make, but by the body of knowledge that we learn, our view of the world and the mathematical tools that we use.

What do students take to become chemical

engineers?• First let us try still harder to see

what chemical engineers need to understand to be able to do what we have seen.

Primary characteristics of chemical engineers

• Most all of the products of the world are made of materials that are in a different form from the raw materials from which they were made.

• Chemical engineers understand matter in terms of its fundamental nature,– i.e., molecules,

– can describe molecules or groups of molecules quantitatively

• They use molecular understanding to deal with processes involving chemical, biological and physical transformations of matter

• To effectively do this, they can answer the important questions necessary to bridge the gap from molecular sizes up to the dimensions of everyday life.

Comparing different engineering disciplines

• A way to think of which kind of engineer you might want to be is to connect with your “inner self” – You know, ... from when you were 10 years old.

• Or at least sometime before education changed who you are.

– What about the world did you find most fascinating?

Comparing different engineering disciplines

• Then:– Chemical engineering describes the processes of nature

• If: – Mechanical engineering inherently deals with

all of the mechanical devices of humankind.• If

– Civil engineering involves the design and construction of large structures.

• If– Electrical engineering deals with the materials and

processes that allow communication systems and computers.

What do chemical engineers

learn about to become one?• Fundamental Science,

– Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology

• Engineering science topics:– Chemical Thermodynamics

– Transport Phenomena

• Integration of these in courses such as– Reaction Engineering, Separation Processes

and Process Design

The curriculumSophomore year

Junior yearFirst Semester Cr. Second Semester Cr.

MATH 325, Diff Eqns 3 CHEM 324, Physical Chem 3CHEM 333, Analytical Chem 2 CHEG 356, Transport Phen II 3CHEM 333L, Analytical Chem Lab 2 CHEG 225, Materials 3Arts and Letters VI 3 CHEG 358, Chem Eng Lab I 3CHEG 343, Thermo II 3 Elective 3CHEG 355, Transport Phen I 3 Arts and Letters VII _3

Applications of transport phenomena

• Flow of oil in sandstone– Governing equation

– P is the local pressure causing flow

– Ke is an effective hydraulic “conductivity” the response of fluid flow to the change in pressure

• Interstitial lymph fluid flow– Governing equation

∂P∂t

−Ke∂2P

∂x2=0

1(2μ+λ)

∂t−K

∂2P*

∂x 2+βP* =0

Applications of transport phenomena

• Both problems are governed by

• For a steady flow we have:

• Parabolic velocity profile

∂u∂t

=−∂p∂x

+μ∂2u

u(y)=−h2

2μdpdx

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

⎝ ⎜ ⎜

⎠ ⎟ ⎟

The curriculumSophomore year

Junior yearFirst Semester Cr. Second Semester Cr.

MATH 325, Diff Eqns 3 CHEM 324, Physical Chem 3CHEM 333, Analytical Chem 2 CHEG 356, Transport Phen II 3CHEM 333L, Analytical Chem Lab 2 CHEG 225, Materials 3Arts and Letters VI 3 CHEG 358, Chem Eng Lab I 3CHEG 343, Thermo II 3 Elective 3CHEG 355, Transport Phen I 3 Arts and Letters VII _3

Phase equilibria• Fundamental chemical relation

– The fugacity of a component in each phase is equal,

• fi

I = fi

• Vapor - liquid equilibria– Basis for designing distillation columns, (or

where the alcohol goes when you cook with wine.)

• Gas-liquid equilibria– Solubility of oxygen or carbon dioxide in water

• Happy fishes• Happy people drinking carbonated drinks,

The curriculum senior year

First Semester Cr. Second Semester Cr.

CHEG 438, Chem Proc Control 3 CHEG 448, Proc Design 3CHEG 459, Chem Eng Lab II 3 ENG/#Advanced Science elective 3CHEG 443, Separation Proc 3 Chemical Engineering Elective 3CHEG 445, Chem Rxn Eng 3 *Technical Elective 3ENG/ #Advanced Science elective 3 Elective _3_Arts and Letters VIII _3 15

We also have a “Pre-med” (biology) option, an Environmental Option and a Materials Certificate Program.

Reaction Kinetics• Enzyme binds to a

substrate to cause a reaction

• Michaelis-Menten

Ea +S Km

← → ⏐ EaS ← → ⏐ Ea +P

vmax[So]Km +[So]

• Gaseous chemical species adsorbs on a catalyst and reacts

• Langmuir-Hinshelwood

kA[So]K +[So]

A +S K← → ⏐ AS ← → ⏐ B +S

Opportunities for research as an undergraduate

• Characterization and synthesis of advanced materials

• Nanoscale bioengineering• Complex fluids and flows• Surface science and catalysis• Minimizing the impact of chemical

manufacturing processes• Applied molecular thermodynamics

Combustion synthesis

• Synthesis of advanced ceramic materials,

• A. Varma and coworkers

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Combustion synthesis

• A selection of parts made by combustion synthesis

Nanoscale BioengineeringNear-Field Microscopy

• From the lab of Professor Ostafin, taken by Fei Liu

15nm gold particles with a silica shell

red blood cells, 500 nm

Nanoscale bioengineeringElectrokinetic flow

Figure 18: Electrokinetic capillary cell prototype. The microscope objective lens can be seen focusing on the 5 micron ID capillary mounted in the cell barrier. The anode well is located near the red alligator clip and the cathode well is at the dark blue clip.

From the lab of ProfessorAgnes Ostafin

--research ofAdrienne Minerick

Nanoscale bioengineering

25.32 sec

y = 4.2782x + 0.8157

y = 4.6927x + 5.1915

y = 4.4034x + 4.1701

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

Time Elapsed (sec)

0:51 Sequence1:00 Sequence0:25 SequenceLinear (0:51 Sequence)Linear (1:00 Sequence)Linear (0:25 Sequence)

Figure 21: a) Liposome movement toward the cathode. b) Liposome position as a function of time is shown for 3 sequences. Average liposome velocity in 2 M KCl was 4.46 m/sec

From the lab of ProfessorAgnes Ostafin--research ofAdrienne Minerick

Waves in gas-liquid flows

From the lab of ProfessorMarkMcCready

--research ofWilliamKuru

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Surface ScienceScanning - Tunneling Microscopy

From the lab of ProfessorEduardo Wolf

STM Image of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG)

STM Image of Octadecanol Adsorbed on HOPG Surface(from the lab of Professor Eduardo Wolf)

Surface ScienceScanning - Tunneling Microscopy

What do chemical engineers from Notre

Dame do?

Random sampling of current seniors

• Accenture (IT / business consulting) – 3• Bayer (pharmaceuticals)• Procter and Gamble (brand mgmt)• UOP (process engineering) – 2• TRW (satellite systems)• Technology Services Group (consulting – web-

based applications)• Merrill Lynch (investment banking)• GE (aircraft engines division)• Loyola (law school)• Air Products (Career Development Program)• U. Texas SW (medical school)• Military (medical service corp, flight school) – 2• Northwestern University (graduate school in

chemical engineering)• Eli Lilly (pharmaceuticals)

Snapshot summary

• 20% business / consulting • 20% professional / graduate school• 20% chemical / petroleum industry• 10% pharmaceutical industry• 10% military• 10% aerospace industry• 10% marketing, financial services

Why can our graduates have such varied careers?• Our program is broad and fundamental

– Not geared toward a particular product or industry

• Traditional chemical and petroleum industry is in stable phase

• Pharmaceutical industry is growing

• Other growth industries (IT, business consulting, financial services) recognize the value of a fundamental engineering education

Some endorsementsListen guys,Its not that hard, ... its not chemical

engineering...

Coaching is great, but Ihope Murphy willbe a chemical engineer

Summary• Chemical engineers use an understanding

of the molecular nature of matter, along

with thermodynamics and transport

phenomena to create, design and

produce, usually involving chemical,

biological or physical transformations,

into such as varied items as

– Food products, pharmaceuticals, basic and fine

chemicals, and new drug delivery devices.

– Future products are not limited to replacement

parts for people, micro-scale diagnostic tools

and “memory polymers”

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