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Mission Aircrew Mission Aircrew CourseCourse
Chapter 9: Search Chapter 9: Search Planning and Planning and
CoverageCoverage(Feb 2005)(Feb 2005)
O-2004 USE A POD TABLE (P) P-2021 DISCUSS HOW ATMOSPHERIC AND
LIGHTING CONDITIONS AFFECT SCANNING EFFECTIVENESS (S)
P-2025 DISCUSS COMMON SEARCH TERMS (S)
P-2026 IDENTIFY WHAT TO LOOK FOR AND RECORD DURING DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MISSIONS (S)
Aircrew TasksAircrew Tasks
In basic terms, discuss how search planners determine the Maximum Area of Probability and then the Probability Area. {P; 9.2.1 & 9.2.2}
Given a POD table, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various search altitudes and speeds over the three major types of terrain. {P; 9.2.3}
Discuss the importance of proper execution of search patterns. {P; 9.2.4}
ObjectivesObjectives
Optional – Review POD Example {9.3}
ObjectivesObjectives
Define the following search terms: {S; 9.1}• Ground and Search Track• Maximum Area of Possibility• Meteorological and Search Visibility• Probability Area• Probability of Detection (POD)• Scanning Range• Search Altitude• Track spacing (S)
ObjectivesObjectives
Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP operations. {S; 9.4.1}
Discuss the types of questions you must always be asking yourself during damage assessment missions. {S; 9.4.5}
List typical things you are looking for during a damage assessment mission. {S; 9.4.5}
List the information you should obtain when over a damage assessment site. {S; 9.4.5}
Discuss the limitations of an air search for a missing person. {S; 9.5}
Objectives Objectives (Con’t)(Con’t)
Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground that is made by an aircraft’s flight path over the ground
Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a circular area centered at the search objective’s last know position, with certain corrections
Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance at which large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be seen
Probability Area is a smaller area, within the maximum area of possibility, where there is an increased likelihood of locating the search objective
Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood, expressed in percent, that a search airplane might locate the objective
Search Search TermsTerms
Scanning range is the lateral distance from a scanner’s aircraft to an imaginary line on the ground, parallel to the ground track, that a scanner is expected to have a good chance at spotting the search objective
Search Altitude is the altitude the aircraft will fly above the ground (AGL)
Search track is an imaginary swath across the surface formed by the scanning range and the length of the aircraft’s ground track
Search visibility is the distance at which an object on the ground can be seen and recognized from a particular height
Track Spacing (S) is the distance between adjacent visual or electronic search legs
Search Search TermsTerms
Narrowing the Narrowing the SearchSearch
Search Involves• Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors• Determining the area to be searched• Selecting the search techniques to be used
Maximum Possibility Area• Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)• The radius is equal to the endurance of the
aircraft• Correct for wind
Probability Area• Where is the aircraft likely to be
Search Altitudes & Search Altitudes & AirspeedAirspeed
Altitudes• Maintain a minimum of 500 feet above the ground,
water, or any obstruction within a 1000' radius during daylight hours, and a minimum of 2000' AGL at night (except for takeoff and landing). [Refer to CAPR 60-1 for special restrictions for over-water missions.]
• For SAR/DR/CD/HLS reconnaissance, the pilot will maintain at least 800 AGL.
• Pilots may descend below the designated search altitude to attempt to positively identify the target (but never below 500 AGL or within 500 feet of any obstructions within a 1000' radius); once the target has been identified the pilot will return to 800' AGL or higher.
Airspeed• No lower than Vx
Search Search FactorsFactors
Factors which effect detection• Weather; terrain; lighting conditions• Sweep Width (W)• Track Spacing (S)• Coverage Factor (C)• Probability of Detection (P)
Determine factors for search area coverage• Type and number of aircraft available• Search visibility
Probability Of Detection (POD)
Determining the Determining the Maximum Possibility Maximum Possibility
AreaArea
LKP
Corrected for wind
Wind vector
No wind endurance
Maximum possibility area
Flight level winds: 330/20
Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts
Endurance: 2 Hours
200 NM
40NM
Probability Probability AreaArea
Where was the last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified?
Is there an ELT? Was there a flight plan (even if not on
file with the FAA)? Dead reckoning from LKP and heading Reports of sightings
• Other aircraft• People living along the intended route of flight
Narrowing Narrowing the the
Probability Probability AreaArea
Flight plan Weather information National Track Analysis Program data Airports along the intended flight track Aircraft performance Pilots flying habits Radar coverage as a limiting factor Nature of terrain along the flight track Position reports — fuel stops, etc. Most likely within 5 miles of intended track
Search Search PrioritiesPriorities
Areas of bad weather Low clouds and poor visibility Areas where weather was not as
forecast High terrain Areas not covered by radar Reports of low flying aircraft Survival factors Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
Probability of Probability of Detection (POD)Detection (POD)
POD expressed as a “percent” search object was detected
Four interrelated factors used to calculate:• Track Spacing• Search Visibility• Search Altitude• Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart “Effectiveness” must also be considered
POD POD TableTable(back of (back of
104)104)
POD Chart - POD Chart - detaildetail
500 Feet
0.5 nm 35% 60% 75% 75%
1.0 20 35 50
1.5 15 25 35 40
700 Feet
0.5 nm 40% 60% 75% 80%
1.0 20 35 50 55
1.5 15 25 40 40
1,000 Feet
0.5 nm 40% 65% 80% 85%
1.0 25 40 55
1.5 15 30 40 45
OPEN, FLAT TERRAIN
SEARCH ALTITUDE (AGL) Track Spacing
SEARCH VISIBILITY 1 mi 2 mi 3 mi 4 mi
50
2.0 10 20 30 30
2.0 10 20 30 35
60
2.0 15 20 30 35
Cumulative POD Cumulative POD ChartChart
5-10% 1511-20% 20 2521-30% 30 35 4531-40% 40 45 50 6041-50% 50 55 60 65 7051-60% 60 65 65 70 75 8061-70% 70 70 75 80 80 85 9071-80% 80 80 80 85 85 90 90 95
80+% 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95+5-10%11-20%21-30%31-40%41-50%51-60%61-70%71-80%
80+%POD For This Search
PreviousPOD
QUESTIONS?
Natural and man-made Examples of CAP services:
• Air and ground SAR services• Air and ground visual and/or video
imaging• Flood boundary determination• Air and ground transportation• Courier flights• Radio communications support
Disaster Disaster AssessmentAssessment
Effects of extreme weather Physical landscape may be so altered as to
make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult
Damage or destruction of area infrastructure Effects of biological, chemical or radiological
terrorism (or accidental release)
How Disasters Can How Disasters Can Affect CAP Affect CAP OperationsOperations
Flying damage assessment sorties is not much different from our SAR search patterns
The big difference is what you look for Should be asking questions such as:
• What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage?
• Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast?• How has access/egress been affected?• What are the primary and secondary hazards?• Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas?• Have utilities been affected or are they threatened?• Can you see alternatives to problems?
AssessmeAssessmentnt
Some specific things to be looking for are:• Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams,
levees, pipelines, runways and structures• Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide• Downed power lines• Ruptured water lines• Motorists in distress or major accidents• Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or
evacuation• Distress signals from survivors
AssessmeAssessmentnt
At each site, besides sketching or highlighting the extent of the damage and identifying access and egress routes, you should record:• Latitude and longitude• Description• Type and extent of damage• Photo number, or time reference for videotape• Status and trends
AssessmeAssessmentnt
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Aerial survey of Aerial survey of WTCWTC
Flooding over Flooding over leveelevee
Seeping behind Seeping behind leveelevee
Flooded Flooded approachapproach
Bridge Bridge damagedamage
TornaTornadodo
TornadTornadoo
Tornado leaves Tornado leaves slabsslabs
Close-up of tornado Close-up of tornado damagedamage
Wide image of train Wide image of train wreckwreck
ChemicaChemical spill l spill
(hazmat(hazmat))
Close image of train Close image of train wreckwreck
Close image of train Close image of train wreckwreck
Infrared image of train Infrared image of train wreckwreck
Plume from train Plume from train wreckwreck
QUESTIONS?
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