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In The Beginning: Making Sense of the World Power of the ancestors Power of natural forces Power of gods and demons Power of prayer and belief
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Mind Body ScienceMind Body ScienceHistory
Introduction Introduction
You will learn:– The earliest medicine assumed a connection between
body/mind/spirit.– A shift began to occur in the 17th century, as science
and technology developed– Growing understanding of the world changed our
conception of disease – Beginning in the early 19th century, and continuing to
this day, we see a return to the acceptance of a body/mind connection.
In The Beginning: Making In The Beginning: Making Sense of the WorldSense of the WorldPower of the ancestorsPower of natural forcesPower of gods and demonsPower of prayer and belief
Three sources of mind-body Three sources of mind-body healing for millenniahealing for millenniaBelief and Expectation
– Living in harmony with nature– Using natural substances to cure
Natural course of Recovery– Acceptance of death as part of life
Spiritual practices
Beginning understanding of Beginning understanding of natural causes of disease natural causes of disease
Galen 129-217 AD
Yin Yang and 5 phase theory: 200s BC
Hippocrates 460BC-370 BC
HippocratesHippocratesTeachings came about in opposition to the
supernaturally based practices of the timeBeginning of medicine as we know it:
divorced from superstition and necromancy
based on observation: rational, empiricalEthical: physician’s obligation is to the
patient
Hippocratic principlesHippocratic principlesDisease seen in context of patient’s lifeTreatment was to restore the natural
conditions and defenses of the sick person and reestablish his proper relationship to surroundings.
Diseases categorized by major symptoms (confusing causes)
Seeds of holistic medicine
Aphorisms of HippocratesAphorisms of Hippocrates“Life is short, The Art is long, opportunity
is fleeting, experiences delusive, judgment difficult.”
Sickness develops when equilibrium is disturbed: it is the doctor’s role to restore it
Equilibrium of the 4 humorsEquilibrium of the 4 humorsBlood (originating in the heart)Yellow bile (liver)Black bile (spleen)Phlegm (brain)Related to the 4 elements: fire, air, earth
and water, and the 4 qualities of hot, dry, cold and wet
THE FOUR HUMORALTYPES OFCOUPLES(1470 MS)
PLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
SANGUINE
MELANCHOLIC
Hippocratic physicians sought Hippocratic physicians sought the cause of disease:the cause of disease:Understanding the 4 humors, seasons, etc.Patient’s constitution - state of the humors
in her body (sanguine, melancholic, bilious, phlegmatic)
Observed changes in facial expression, color, temperature, breathing, body position, nails, hair, abdominal contour, tasted blood and urine, smelled stool, etc
Fundamental change in Fundamental change in medicine:medicine:
Based on observable phenomenon
““To help, or at least, do no To help, or at least, do no harmharm””Nature has a curative powerNatural inclination of the organism is to
re-establish equilibrium“Most things get better by themselves…
most things, in fact are better by morning.” (Lewis Thomas)
Galen - 2nd century ADGalen - 2nd century AD
– Extracted the best from many competing systems, and led medicine back to direct observation
– His research into anatomy and physiology led to a new understanding of the body and how it gets sick
Galen’s systemGalen’s system based on dissections in anatomy (non-
human), experiments in physiology and clinical observation of patients. – However, he was a man of his time, and
allowed his beliefs to supersede his observations
Galen’s legacyGalen’s legacyConcepts of sickness and its treatment
influenced medicine for centuries - well into the 1600’s
His herbal remedies were being used well into the 20th century
The RenaissanceThe RenaissanceCadaver dissections began to be used in
medical trainingVivisections of small animals were used to
understand organ functionGalenic errors uncovered, to great
consternation
De Humani Corporis Fabrica De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libra SeptemLibra SeptemProduced by Andreas Vesalius in 1543Organized in 7 books: bones, muscles,
blood vessels, nerves, abdominal and reproductive organs
Represented a revolution in scientific approach
Vesalius’ Legacy:Overturned century’s of blind adherence to
Galenic theory and practiceOne of the most influential physicians in
the history of medicineWas vilified in his lifetime
The Beginnings of Separation The Beginnings of Separation of Body and Mindof Body and MindRene Descartes 17th century: the body as
machineThe mind cannot directly improve body
healthThe increasing “reductionist” view of
Western medicine“I think, therefor I am”
Identity was equated with rational mindLed to view of universe as mechanical
system consisting of separate objectsBody’s innate “knowing” became less
important
The Next Step in the Development of Medical Science: MorgagniSpent his life writing the Seats and Causes
of Disease…700 case historiesThe death knell of humoral theoryNow had to look at “the cries of the
suffering organs”Father of pathological anatomy
Giovanni Morgagni cont’dFather of physical examThe goal for drs became to predict autopsy
findings before deathAll teaching hospitals now have the CPC:
clinical pathological correlation…coming up with the diagnosis based on the s & s.
This was the Age of Enlightenment - questioning age-old paradigms
What are the positive aspects What are the positive aspects of the “Cartesian” world view?of the “Cartesian” world view?
Rudolf Virchow - 1850sStill did not have any effective therapy to
treat disease: could describe organ and tissue, but not where disease begins
Microscope became keyWrites “Cellular Pathology” - read by
everyoneAbnormality of cellular function: patho-
physiology
Virchow, cont’dAll diseases start within the cellsAll cells come from the fertilized eggShowed that cancer cells had once been
normal to which something had happenedIn a single stroke, ended the idea of
miasmasFather of public health
The The ““MiraculousMiraculous”” Modern Modern Medical MachineMedical MachineLouis Pasteur: Germ theory of disease-
1850sJoseph Lister: development of antiseptic
proceduresRobert Koch: identified specific
organisms responsible for specific diseases- 1880s
Success of antibiotics was Success of antibiotics was profoundprofoundWhole hospitals were emptied with the
discovery of penicillinSaved thousands of lives of WW II
wounded
Surgery and Drugs Became Surgery and Drugs Became the Treatments of Choicethe Treatments of Choice
Tendency to misuse and overuse successful drugs (antibiotics being used on viruses), and to overemphasize the power of surgery
Placebo becomes a bad wordPlacebo becomes a bad wordUnethical to give an inert substance to a
patient with the promise that “this will make you feel better”
The placebo effect in double-blind controlled studies was dismissed as “all in the mind”
The Return to Ancient RootsThe Return to Ancient RootsOliver Wendell Holmes - 19th century -
mind can affect body and good bedside manner
William James: further observations of mind body connections
Walter Bradford Cannon: the ID of the fight or flight response; revived the concept of homeostasis
ItIt’’s True! Body and Mind are s True! Body and Mind are RelatedRelatedFreud and Psychoanalysis1929 Progressive RelaxationAutogenic trainingAcceptance of ‘psychosomatic illnesses”Research into the physiologic effects of
stress
Medical Breakthroughs since Medical Breakthroughs since the 1960sthe 1960sIdentification of the relaxation responseExpanded understanding of the placebo
effectLinking of mind body treatments to an
increasing number of health conditionsStudies now showing that mind body
approaches can actually alter genetic expression and bolster health
The PresentThe PresentResearch has legitimized the mind-body
connection Government funding availableLeading hospitals and medical schools
have instituted Mind-Body Programs“Integrative Medicine” “Complementary
And Alternative Medicine” are accepted
Therapies include:Therapies include:YogaMeditationMindfulness practicesNutritionHypnosisPositive thinking, visualizationSelf-expression: art, dance, sound
Additional TherapiesAdditional TherapiesAcupunctureBio-feedbackExerciseMassageAlexander TechniqueFeldenkraisRolfing
SummarySummaryAncient wisdom held body, mind and
spirit as oneSeparation began in the 17th centuryAncient wisdom returns, blessed by the
medical establishmentIncreased understanding of the
physiological changes of stress and relaxation
This is the language that is now used by business, sports, the arts, all of your future clients: you need to
know how to speak the language of body mind science.
“Where there is love of human kind, there is also love of the art of
medicine.” Hippocrates
We shall not cease from We shall not cease from exploration, and the result of exploration, and the result of all our exploring will be to all our exploring will be to arrive where we started, and arrive where we started, and know the place for the first know the place for the first time. time. TS EliotTS Eliot
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