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Methods for Ice Awareness
Space activities of Finland with focus in the Arctic
J. Pulliainen, 18 April 2018
Space topics relevant to Finnish actors
• Satellite systems for arctic applications:
• Nano-satellite and SAR constellations (optical imaging, space weather, sea ice)
• New small and medium size enterprises in Finland
• High Elliptical Orbit Imaging (weather/EO and communications highly interesting)
Possibilities to proceed with small satellites: telecom and positioning => met.
imaging and science payloads (Norway active at the moment, ESA studies)
• Arctic applications (research, development and operations):
• Sea ice, snow cover, seasonal frost and permafrost
• Navigation (Galileo), energy sector (hydro-power production), logistics
• Meteorology and climate research (including greenhouse gases and carbon balance at
the high latitudes, air pollution and emissions)
• Arctic mapping (including vegetation) & Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Space Situational Awareness ( Space weather, Near Earth Objects, Space Surveillance
& Tracking)
• Sodankylä Space Campus and FMI Sodankylä Arctic Space Centre: A national asset
to be utilized for Arctic applications including Public-Private-Partnership arrangements
• Investments to Arctic Space Centre (National Satellite Data Centre) ~17 M€ during
2010-2017 2
FMI Arctic Space Centre
at Sodankylä (FMI-ASC)
Snow mass and ice cover (25 Jan. 2018)
• National Satellite Data Centre (NSDC) as a key function
• Co-operation with ESA, NASA, EUMETSAT and institutes and companies in Italy, China, Japan and USA
• Public-Private-Partnership and shared systems with Finnish R&D institutes
• Continuous monitoring of polar regions by satellites
• Atmosphere, land and sea ice
• Space weather
• Unique products on cryosphere for research and operational applications
• Reception of data from Earth Observation (EO) satellites
• Part of Collaborative Ground Segment for EU Copernicus Sentinel satellites
• Data/product archives and real-time situational awareness
18/1/2013 – COSMO-SkyMed and
the Baltic Sea Ice Chart (by FMI/J. Vainio)
Baltic Sea Ice Monitoring
• Commercial and environmental needs
• Finland is essentially an island
• ~90% of Finland’s import and export via sea routes
• Gulf of Finland is one of the most busiest marine routesfor oil transport
• Operative Service
• Availability target 99.9%
• Quasi-real-time / NRT needs
• Daily products
• Customer:
• Finnish Transport Agency
• Finnish, Swedish, Estonian Ice breakers, SMHI
• Operations:
• Fully automated processing lines at Sodankylä
• Operators and ice analysts in 2 shift
• 24/7 monitoring of the processing lines
17.1.2018
L1 processing
L2 processing
L0 processing
Ice Service
FMI Sodankylä
FMI Helsinki 24/7 monitoring
Ice analysts
S1
CSK
CMEMS
RSAT2
CSK
TSX
Data need:
• Sentinel-1 EW HH+HV pass-through
• Radarsat 2, Cosmo-Skymed, TerraSAR-X
• AOI: Baltic Sea
• Time: Nov – May
FMI Arctic Space Centre
Sodankylä GS 6
NSDC Processing
Facilities at
Sodankylä
• Customized processing of satellitedata and CAL-VAL (in situ, ground-based remote sensing)
• Long-term archiving and high speeddata delivery (10 Gbit /s)
• Open data delivery and cloudservices
• Hosting external processing linesin virtual environments
• Security/Safety standards accordingto ESA requirements
• UPS + backup generator
• Dual cooling and air-conditioning
• Fire extinguisher system
NSDC Real-Time
Satellite Data Acquisition
and Processing
Current operational (free access)
• EOS-Terra/MODIS (USA)
• EOS-Aura/OMI (USA)
• Suomi-NPP/VIIRS, OMPS (USA)
• FY-3B & FY-3C / MERSI (China)
Current operational (commercial)
• COSMO-SkyMed (Italy)
Copernicus Sentinel ground segment
(free access)
• Sentinel-1 Collaborative GS: National Mirror Site and data downlink(local reception)
• Sentinel-2/3 Collaborative GS : National Mirror Site
7
Helsinki
Sodankylä
Terra/MODIS
RGB True Color
250 m resolution
Sentinel 1 SAR Imaging
(EU Copernicus program)
• Instrument: C-Band SAR• All-weather, day and night radar
imagery for land and ocean services
• Heritage: Envisat, ERS-2• Thematic ares:
• Monitoring of Arctic sea-ice, routine sea-ice mapping
• Surveillance of the marine environment, including oil-spill monitoring
• Ship detection for maritime security
• monitoring land-surface for motion risks
• Mapping for forest, water and soil management
• Mapping to support humanitarian aid and crisis situations
• Operational system since 2014
10
Sentinel-1 SAR mosaic over the Barents and Kara Seas,
1 Mar 2015
9.3.2015 Sodankylä National Satellite Data Centre 10
COSMO-SkyMed
• Italian SAR constellation
• Dual-Use mission (commercially available)
• Four satellites:
• Sun synchronous
• Dawn-Dusk (LTDN 06:00)
• Orbit height 619 km
11
12
ICEYE: Microsatellite SAR technology
02.09.2015 14
SEA ICE
FORECASTING MODEL
CONCENTRATION
THICKNESS, RIDGES
MOTION,
COMPRESSION
ICE OBSERVATIONS
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
SHIP OBSERVATIONS
ICEBREAKERS
PUBLIC WWW-SITE
ICE-
CHART
WEATHER FORECAST
FMI SEA ICE FORECASTING SYSTEM
• Physical sea ice–ocean model for Kara and
Barents Seas
• NEMO 3.6 LIM3 simulates the evolution of e.g.: Sea ice thickness
Sea ice concentration
• Taking into account effects like: Ice drift
Ice growth and melt
Wind
Ocean currents and tides
• Resolution: ~4 km
• Simulation period: 1996-2015
• Conversion of simulated ice conditions to
navigation risk: Following POLARIS (defined in the Polar Code)
Result: Maps showing accessible (green) and
Non-accessible (red) regions for different
Ship types
Sea ice modelling for
shipping purposes
Sea ice concentration
Sea ice thickness
Navigation risk (POLARIS)
Improving navigation and safety in the
Arctic Ocean
17
• A major activity during the Finland’s chairmanship in
the Arctic Council
• FIN-YOPP project: provision of Near-Real-Time
situational information to vessels operating in the
Arctic:
• Sea ice/weather conditions and forecasts
A.
Satellite data reception at Sodankylä
B.
Generation of sea ice information
C.
Transmission of compressed products
TomoScand – IONOSPHERIC
TOMOGRAPHY
3D reconstruction for ionospheric electron density over Fennoscandia
3D image of electron densityBayesian statistical
inversionInput: GNSS and LEO/Beacon signals
• Support for HF-communication e.g. in Arctic
Shipping (Demo project on-going with national
funding)
• Will be integrated to ESA Space Situational
Awareness Programme during 2018-2019
• Can be upgraded to utilize Galileo signals
• CubeSats with beacons onboard enable
a more dense grid of ionospheric observations
19 Arctic Science Networking, Helsinki, August 2017
Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) missions: Examples based
on analysis by EUMETSAT
20 Arctic Science Networking, Helsinki, August 2017
Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) missions
Current geosynchronous meteorological satellites do not observe
well high latitudes due to their imaging geometry limitations
They provide essential meteorological data at mid- and low latitudes e.g. for
aviation (and weather forecasts in general)
Polar orbiting satellites improve monitoring at polar regions, but do not
provide the needed continuous monitoring
A HEO mission would solve this handicap
A system of two HEO satellites enables the continuous monitoring of all
arctic and sub-arctic areas
Applications:
Operational meteorology
Telecommunications and positioning (big problem in the Arctic)
Climate and environmental research (atmosphere, cryosphere, space
weather) can take an advantage from the improved spatio-temporal
coverage of observations
A FMI product on snow (SWE) and
Arctic sea ice conditions• EUMETSAT OSI-SAF and H-SAF
(ESA GlobSnow heritage)
• Assimilation of SSMI-S microwave
radiometer data and synoptic snow
depth observations for estimating
SWE
21
Snow and ice in the
Arctic:
Space-borne data-derived
information for climate
research and NRT-
applications
Snow Mass and Ice Cover (12 Oct. 2017-6 Dec. 2017)
Sea ice extent and
thickness using
combined ESA
SMOS microwave
radiometer and
ESA CryoSat-2
altimeter data
22
Arktisten alueiden ympäristöhavainnointia Sodankylässä / Jyri
Heilimo23
Kuva: Matias TakalaThank You for Your Attention!
COSMO-SkyMed
COSMO Product Area Size Resolutio
n
Application
ScanSAR Huge 200 x 200 km 100 m Marine/ Sea Ice
ScanSAR Wide 100 x 100 km 30 m Marine/ Sea Ice
Stripmap HIMAGE 40 x 40 km 3-5 m Land
Stripmap PingPong 30x30 km 15 m Land
Spotlight 2 10x10 km 1 m Intelligence
Sentinel-1A ja 1B (2016-)
02.09.2015 24
SAR data availability from Sodankylä
• Italian dual-use satellite constellation
• X-band – day and night capability, weather
insensitive
• Tasking and data downlink in Sodankylä –
Easier access to images, near-real time
applications, rapid response.
• 4 satellites, short revisit time, many imaging
options
• 5 possible imaging modes
• European 2 SAR satellite constellation
• C-band – day and night capability, weather
insensitive
• Local downlink at Sodankylä for near-real time
applications (e.g. ice service and oil spill
monitoring)
• Longer wave length better suitable for
environment monitoring
• Operates accoriding to High level obervation
plan
• Archive and Data dissemination to data users
Sentinel Product Area Size Resolutio
n
Application
Extra Wide Swath 200 x 200 km 100 m Marine / Sea ice
Interferometric Wide
Swath
100 x 100 km 30 m Land
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