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MEMORYMEMORY
WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT-WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT-
YOUR EXPERIENCES?YOUR EXPERIENCES?
OR YOUR MEMORY OF OR YOUR MEMORY OF THEM?THEM?
clear memory of an emotionally clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.significant moment or event.
Atkinson-Shriffrin’s three stage Atkinson-Shriffrin’s three stage processing model of memoryprocessing model of memory
Richard Atkinson Richard Shriffrin
STORAGE STORAGE RETAINING INFORMATION RETAINING INFORMATION
SENSORY MEMORY SENSORY MEMORY
**Iconic (instant) memory- Iconic (instant) memory-
photographic or picture-image lasting a few photographic or picture-image lasting a few tenths of a secondtenths of a second
*Echoic (echo) memory-*Echoic (echo) memory-
momentary sensory memory of momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli recalled within 3-4 auditory stimuli recalled within 3-4
secondsseconds
WORKING/SHORT-TERM MEMORYWORKING/SHORT-TERM MEMORY *Limited in duration (unless rehearsed*Limited in duration (unless rehearsed will be forgotten) and in capacitywill be forgotten) and in capacity ( 7 plus or minus 2 bits of information)( 7 plus or minus 2 bits of information)
LONG-TERM MEMORYLONG-TERM MEMORY *Capacity limitless - Average adult has*Capacity limitless - Average adult has about billion bits of information in memoryabout billion bits of information in memory and capacity of 1000 to a million timesand capacity of 1000 to a million times that. (P. 364 memory records)that. (P. 364 memory records)
When we tend to remember the first and last When we tend to remember the first and last items better than those in the middle, this is items better than those in the middle, this is called ___________ __________ _______called ___________ __________ _______
Serial position effectSerial position effect What kind of encoding yields the best memory What kind of encoding yields the best memory
of verbal information? Visual, acoustic, or of verbal information? Visual, acoustic, or semantic? semantic?
SemanticSemantic We have especially good recall for information We have especially good recall for information
when we can relate it to ourselves. This is when we can relate it to ourselves. This is calledcalled
Self-reference effectSelf-reference effect
We often automatically organize items into We often automatically organize items into familiar, meaningful units to help us recall familiar, meaningful units to help us recall information more easily. This is calledinformation more easily. This is called
ChunkingChunking Using “super models have earrings on” to Using “super models have earrings on” to
remember the Great Lakes would be an remember the Great Lakes would be an example of example of
Mnemonic deviceMnemonic device The conscious repetition of information to The conscious repetition of information to
maintain it in consciousness or encode it for maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage is calledstorage is called
rehearsalrehearsal
STORAGE IN THE BRAINSTORAGE IN THE BRAIN Memories do not reside in one specific spot.Memories do not reside in one specific spot. Synapses-Synapses- ________________________is ________________________is
the increase in a synapses firing potentialthe increase in a synapses firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation. This is believedafter brief, rapid stimulation. This is believed
to be the neural basis for learning and to be the neural basis for learning and memory.memory.
long-term potentiation (LTP)long-term potentiation (LTP) CREB –a protein that can switch genes on CREB –a protein that can switch genes on
and off. Genes produce proteins that and off. Genes produce proteins that strengthen synapses enabling long-term strengthen synapses enabling long-term memories to form.memories to form.
When did stress interfere with remembering When did stress interfere with remembering something?something?
Identify a time when stress actually Identify a time when stress actually helped you remember something.helped you remember something.
StudyStudy followed by adequate followed by adequate sleepsleep an an effective memory enhancer.effective memory enhancer.
Stress hormonesStress hormones can contribute to stronger can contribute to stronger memoriesmemories
Prolonged stressProlonged stress can can negatively affectnegatively affect memory – shrinks the ___________which is memory – shrinks the ___________which is vital for laying down memories. vital for laying down memories.
hippocampushippocampus The ___________(two emotional processing The ___________(two emotional processing
clusters in limbic system) can also boost clusters in limbic system) can also boost activity in brain’s memory forming areas. activity in brain’s memory forming areas.
amygdalaamygdala
STORAGE OF STORAGE OF IMPLICITIMPLICIT MEMORIES- MEMORIES-
also called _____________memories.also called _____________memories.
proceduralprocedural
IIndependent of conscious recollection.ndependent of conscious recollection.
*Can be classically conditioned without *Can be classically conditioned without conscious awareness of the learning.conscious awareness of the learning.
The part of the brain that isinvolved is the
CEREBELLUM
STORAGE OF STORAGE OF EXPLICITEXPLICIT MEMORIES- MEMORIES-
also called ____________memoriesalso called ____________memories
declarative *Can declarative *Can eexplain their memoriesxplain their memories
Left sidedamaged
Troublerememberingverbal info
Right sidedamaged
Trouble rememberingvisual designsand locations
RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATIONRETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION Multiple choice questions measure what kind of Multiple choice questions measure what kind of
memory? _____________memory? _____________ recognitionrecognition Fill-in-the-blank questions measure ________Fill-in-the-blank questions measure ________ recall recall Memory measure that assesses the amount of Memory measure that assesses the amount of
time saved when learning for a second timetime saved when learning for a second time
relearningrelearning
Retrieval cuesRetrieval cues William James referred to this retrieval cue William James referred to this retrieval cue
as “wakening of associations” as “wakening of associations” PrimingPriming When words heard underwater are best When words heard underwater are best
remembered underwater and words heard o remembered underwater and words heard o land are best remembered on land, this land are best remembered on land, this shows the effects of _________ on memoryshows the effects of _________ on memory
ContextContext Sometime being in a context similar to one Sometime being in a context similar to one
we’ve been in before may trigger the we’ve been in before may trigger the experience of experience of
Deja vuDeja vu
What we learn in one emotional state is What we learn in one emotional state is sometimes more easily recalled in that same sometimes more easily recalled in that same emotional state. This is called ___________emotional state. This is called ___________memory.memory.
State-dependent State-dependent However, depression disrupts the _______However, depression disrupts the _______ process and alcohol disrupts the _______process and alcohol disrupts the _______ of information.of information. encoding, storage encoding, storage Explain the statement: Our memories are Explain the statement: Our memories are
somewhat “mood-congruent”. somewhat “mood-congruent”.
Our moods influence how we interpret other Our moods influence how we interpret other people’s behavior or how we assess others or people’s behavior or how we assess others or ourselves.ourselves.
ForgettingForgetting
TAB OR BAT refers to:TAB OR BAT refers to: Transience, absent-mindedness, blockingTransience, absent-mindedness, blocking
DistortionMisattribution, suggestibility, bias
Intrusion
Persistence of unwanted memories
Who is known for his retention Who is known for his retention curve and forgetting curve? curve and forgetting curve?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
____________ (forward-acting) interference____________ (forward-acting) interference
of previous learning affects recall of of previous learning affects recall of newnew
informationinformation
proactiveproactive ___________ (backward-acting) interference___________ (backward-acting) interference
of of newnew learning affects recall of previously learning affects recall of previously
learned information.learned information.
retroactive retroactive Positive transferPositive transfer
Old information can sometimes help usOld information can sometimes help us
learn new information.learn new information.
What is the Freudian term for memories that What is the Freudian term for memories that may be submerged into our unconscious may be submerged into our unconscious because they may be too painful to remember?because they may be too painful to remember?
repressionrepression They may be retrieved through therapy or other They may be retrieved through therapy or other
cuescues More researchers now believe that repressionMore researchers now believe that repression
rarely occurs.rarely occurs.
Misinformation and Misinformation and Imagination Effects Imagination Effects
Research onfalse memoriesand misinformation
Imagination inflation
Elizabeth Loftus
Source AmnesiaSource Amnesia (source misattribution) (source misattribution)
Authors and songwriters sometimes Authors and songwriters sometimes suffer from source amnesiasuffer from source amnesia
Are very young children’s Are very young children’s reports of abuse reliable?reports of abuse reliable?
Psychology’s most intense controversyPsychology’s most intense controversy
“ “memory wars”memory wars”
Memory is reconstruction as well as Memory is reconstruction as well as
reproductionreproduction
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