Memory

MEMORY

WHAT IS MEMORY?WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY IN LEARNING?

MEMORY

-THE PROCESS BY WHICH WE ENCODE, STORE AND RETRIEVE INFORMATION.

MEMORY PROCESS

ENCODING(INITIAL

ERECORDING OF INFO)

STORAGE(INFORMATION

SAVED FOR FUTURE USE)

RETRIEVAL(RECOVERY OF STORED INFO)

THE THREE SYSTEMS OF MEMORY

SENSORY MEMORY-THE INITIAL,MOMENTARY STORAGE OF INFORMATION,LASTING ONLY AN INSTANT.

SHORT TERM MEMORY-MEMORY THAT HOLDS INFORMATION FOR 15 TO 25 SEC.

LONG TERM MEMORY-MEMORY THAT STORES INFORMATION ON A RELATIVELY PERMANENT BASIS,ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO RETRIEVE.

SENSORY MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

(REPETITIVE REHEARSAL,RETA

INS INFO. IN SHORT TERM

MEMORY)

LONG-TERM MEMORY

(ELABORATE REHEARSAL

MOVES INFO.INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY)

SENSORY MEMORY

-THE FIRST REPOSITORY OF THE INFORMATION THE WORLD PRESENTS TO US.

-FORGETTING TYPICALLY WITHIN 1 SEC.

TYPES OF SENSORY MEMORY

1. ICONIC MEMORY-SENSORY MEMORY THAT REFLECTS INFORMATION FROM THE VISUAL SYSTEM.

2.ECHOIC MEMORY-SENSORY MEMORY THAT STORES AUDITORY INFORMATION COMING FROM THE EARS.

SHORT TERM MEMORY (WORKING MEMORY)

-MEMORIES THAT ARE STORED FOR ONLY FEW SECONDS.

CHUNK-A MEANINGFUL GROUPING OF STIMULI THAT CAN STORED AS A UNIT IN SHORT TERM-MEMORY.

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REHEARSAL- THE REPETITION OF INFORMATION THAT HAS ENTERED SHORT-TERM MEMORY.

LONG TERM MEMORY-MEMORY THAT STORES INFORMATION ON A RELATIVELY PERMANENT BASIS.

TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY

1. DECLARATIVE MEMORY-MEMORY FOR FACTUAL INFORMATION: NAMES,FACES,DATES, AND THE LIKE.

2. PROCEDURAL MEMORY-MEMORY FOR SKILLS AND HABITS,SUCH AS RIDING A BIKE AND HITTING A BASEBALL,SOMETIMES REFERRED AS A NON DECLARATIVE MEMORY.

3. SEMANTIC MEMORY-MEMORY FOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD,AS WELL AS MEMORY OF THE RULES IN LOGIC THAT ARE USED TO DEDUCE OTHER FACTS.

ENCODING OR TRANSFERRING

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF ENCODING OR TRANSFERRING OF INFORMATION FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY TO LONG TERM-MEMORY.

AUTOMATIC ENCODING-IT IS THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY WITHOUT ANY AWARENESS. EX, PERSONAL EXPERIENCES AND CONVERSATION, INTERESTING FACTS, LEARNING HOW TO PERFORM VARIOUS SKILLS.

EFFORTFUL ENCODING-IT INVOLVES TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY TO LONG-TERM MEMORY EITHER BY WORKING HARD TO REPEAT OR REHEARSE THE INFORMATION OR BY MAKING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NEW AND OLD INFORMATION.

METHODS OF EFFORTFUL ENCODING

1. MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL-REFERS TO SIMPLY REPEATING OR REHEARSING THE INFORMATION RATHER THAN FORMING NEW ASSOCIATION.

2. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL-INVOLVES ACTIVELY MAKING MEANINGFUL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN INFORMATION TO BE LEARNED WITH INFORMATION ALREADY STORED IN LONG TERM MEMORY.

ENCODING EFFECTS

1. PRIMACY EFFECT-REFERS TO BETTER RECALL OR IMPROVEMENT IN RETENTION.

2.RECENCY EFFECT-REFERS TO BETTER RECALL AT THE END OF A TASK.

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THEORY ON MEMORY AND FORGETTING

FORGETTING-IS THE INABILITY TO RETRIEVE,RECALL OR ORGANIZE INFORMATION THAT WAS STORED OR STILL STORED IN LONG TERM MEMORY.

REASONS FOR FORGETTING

1. REPRESSION2.INTERFERENCE3. SYSTEMATIC DISTORTION