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MEDICINE
NAME: JULINIE ZAIN
CLASS: 5 ALIM
IC NO: 940131-12-6288
TEACHERS NAME:PUAN
AESYAH
CONTENT
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Content Page
Introduction 1
Traditional medicine 2
Traditional medicine-aloe vera 3
Traditional medicine-centella 4
Traditional medicine-EurycomaLongifolia 5Traditional medicine- 6
Modern medicine 7
Modern medicine-analgesic 8
Modern medicine-antibiotics 9
Modern medicine
(Psychotherapeutic medicine)
10
Effects drug abuse 11
The end 12
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Introduction
Medicine
The word medicine is derived from the Latin arsmedicina, which is meaning the art of
healing. Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care
practises envolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of
illness.In simple word , a medicine is used to prevent or cure diseases or to relieve pain.
Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research , and medical
technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease typically through medication ,surgery or
some other form of therapy.
Medicine can be classified in two types which istraditional medicines and modern medicines.
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TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Being a multiracial country, Malaysia is rich in traditional medicines. Each community
hasit own unique collection of traditional medicines to treat illnesses. These
medicines are derived from plant and animals. They have been used for thous ands
of years and are being assed down from one generation to another.
Over a thousand species of plants in Malaysia are reported to have medicinal
properties. These include Aloe Vera ,Centella , Asiatica ,EurycomaLongifolia ,
OrtyosiphonAristatus ,AndrographisPaniculata and O cimumBasilicum. Some natural
products of animal origin are also widely used. These include sea cucumbers ,
centipedes, ants, grasshoppers , snakes and cockroaches.
Traditional medicines are usually not processed. Many people have mistaken notion
that being natural, all traditional medicine are safe. This is not so. Any medical plant
containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to the liver. Furthermore, traditional medicine
often interact with medications you normally take resulting in serious side reactions.
For example, garlic capsules combined with diabetes medication can cause a sudden
decrease in blood sugars.
In order to ensure the safety of the traditional medicines to the public, Ive done
some research on the toxic and adverse effects of these medicin es.
The word medicine is derived from the Latin arsmedicina, which is meaning the artof healing
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Aloe Vera
The aloe vera also known as LidahBuaya or Crocodile tounge at several place like Indonesia
and Malaysia.
Description
Aloe Vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant growing to 60100 cm (24
39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with
some varieties showing white flecks on the upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of
the leaf is serratedand has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a
spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 23 cm
(0.81.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscularmycorrhiza, a symbiosis
that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.
Aloe vera gelis used as an ingredient in commercially available lotion, yogurt , beverages and
some desserts .Aloe vera juiceis used for consumption and relief of digestive issues such as
heartburn and irritable bowel syndrome. It is common practice for cosmetic companies to
add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues,
moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, and shampoos. Other uses for
extracts ofAloe vera include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of sheep, use
as fresh food preservative,and use in water conservation in small farms. The therapeutic
uses ofAloe vera are not exclusive to the species and may be found to a lesser or greater
degree in the gels of all aloes, and indeed are shared with large numbers of plants belonging
to the family Asphodelaceae.Bulbinefrutescens, for example, is used widely for the
treatment of burns and a host of skin afflictions.Aloe vera is alleged to be effective in
treatment of wounds. Evidence on the effects ofAloe vera sap on wound healing, however,
is limited and contradictory.
The unprocessed AloeveraThe processed
Aloe vera
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Centella
Description
The stems are slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish green in color, interconnecting one plant
to another. It has long-stalked, green, reniformleaves with rounded apices which have smooth
texture with palmately netted veins. The leaves are borne on pericladial petioles, around 2 cm. The
rootstock consists of rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are creamish in color and covered with
root hairs.
The flowersare pinkish to red in color, born in small, rounded bunches (umbels) near the surface of
the soil. Each flower is partly enclosed in two green bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are minute in
size (less than 3 mm), with 5-6 corolla lobes per flower. Each flower bears five stamens and two
styles. The fruit are densely reticulate, distinguishing it from species of Hydrocotyle which have
smooth, ribbed or warty fruit.
Centella grows along ditches and in low wet areas. In Indian and Southeast Asian centella, the plant
frequently suffers from high levels of bacterial contamination, possibly from having been harvested
from sewage ditches. Because the plant is aquatic, it is especially sensitive to pollutants in the water,
which are easily incorporated into the plant
In Vietnam and Thailandthis leaf is used for preparing a drink or can be eaten in raw form in salads
or cold rolls.In Malay cuisine the leaves of this plant are used for ulam , a type of Malay salad.It is
also one of the constituents of the Indian summer drink "thandaayyee".
Unprocessed Centela Processed Centela
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EurycomaLongifolia
Description
Eurycomalongifolia is a small, everredtreeletgrowing to 15 m (49 ft) tall with spirally arranged
,pinnate leaves 2040 cm (816 inches) long with 1341 leaflets. The flowers aredioecious, with
male and female flowers on different trees; they are produced in large panicles, each flower with 5
6 very small petals. The fruit is green ripening dark red, 12 cm long and 0.51 cm broad.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack commonly known as Tongkat Ali has gained notoriety as a symbol of man's
ego and strength by the Malaysian men because it increases male virility and sexual prowess during
sexual activities.
In Malaysia, the common use of Eurycoma longifolia as a food and drink additive, coupled with a
wide distribution of products using cheaper synthetic drugs in lieu of Eurycoma longifolia
quassinoids, has led to the invention of an electronic tongue to determine the presence and
concentration of genuine Eurycoma longifolia in products claiming to contain it.
Unprocessed
EurycomaLongifoliaProcessed EurycomaLongifolia
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OrtyosiphonAristatus
Description
It (misaikucing) is also known as Kumis Kuching (kumis kucing) or Remujung. Other names
for Misai Kuching are OrthosiphonStamineusBenth, OrthosiphonAristatus,Orthosiphonblaetter, IndisherNierentee, Feuilles de Barbiflore, Java Tea, Javatee, Kidney
Tea, KoemisKoetjing, YaaNuatMaeo and Immortali Tea.
Because of the characteristic form of its flowers, it is also known as Cat's whiskers.
It is trusted for many centuries for treating ai lments of the kidney, bladder stone, urinary
tract infection, liver and bladder problems, diabetes, rheumatism and gout. And, it is also
used to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure. It is believed to have antiallergic,
antihypertensive , anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. Furthermore, it is used as a
remedy for arteriosclerosis (capillary and circulatory disorders), kidney stones, diabetes and
nephritis.
It has a mild diuretic action, so it is very useful for flushing the kidneys and urinary tract. It
also relieves spasms of the smooth muscle in the walls of the internal organs, making it
valuable for gallbladder problems. Researchers have found it to be mildly antiseptic as well.
Unprocessed OrtyosiphonAristatusProcessed OrtyosiphonAristatus
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MODERN MEDICINE
Modern medicine are made in laboratories by scientist based on substances found in nature.
The active ingredients in the substances are identified , extracted and purified. The medicineis tasted over and over in many different ways before marketed.
This allow the scientist to make sure that the medicine is safe and to identify its side effects.
Modern medicine may come in many forms such as liquids, powders, capsules and tablets.
There are many types of medicines. These include analgesic, antibiotics and
psychotherapeutic medicines.
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Analges c
Analges c
As
n
Parace
amol
y S ronger analges c use in headache tablets and
in cough medicines
yMost medicine issynthesized from
morphine
yMaycause drowsinesswhen it is taken.
yMay lead to addiction,depression and nausea.
Codeine
y Can be taken to relieve mildto moderate pain such as
headache, muscle and joint
pain, backache and period
pains.
y Can be given to children asit does not irritate the
stomach or cause it bleed.
y Sideeffects of paracetamolare rareespecially when it
is take at the recommended
doses.
y An overdose of paracetamolcan cause liver damage.
y Can be taken in tablets,capsule or liquid form.
y Extensively usedworldwide for pain relief,
particularly where there
is inflammation involved
such as arthritic pain anddental pain.
y Should never be given tochildren because it is
believed to cause brain
and liver damage if given
to them with the flu or
chicken pox.
y The active ingredients inaspirin is acetylsalicylic
acid.
y Acidic in nature.y It is good to take aspirin
after food.
y Swallowed with plenty ofwater to reduce irritation
of thestomach wall as
aspirin causes internal
bleeding and ulceration.
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Antibiotic
Used to treat infections caused by bacteria as they can kill or slow down the growth of bacteria.
They will not cure infections caused by viruses, such as flu and colds.
Antibiotic are obtained from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Different antibiotics can
fight different kinds of bacteria. Side effects range from slight headache to a major allergic reaction.
One of the common side effects is diarrhoea.
One of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics is Penicillin. It is extracted from fungus
Penicilliumnotatum. Bacterial disease such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Pneumonia. On the other land,
streptomycin, an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces is used to treat
tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.
Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken down by the acid in the stomach. Therefore, these
antibiotics are usually given by injection and are not taken orally.
Make sure that you take full course of the antibiotics that the doctor prescribes to you even if you
feel better. This is to make sure that all the bacteria are killed. Otherwise you may become ill again
and the bacteria may become more resistant to the antibiotic. When this happens, the antibiotics is
no longer effective. Your doctor will then have to prescribe a different and stronger antibiotic to
fight the same infection.
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Psychotherapeutic medicine
Psychotherapeutic medicine is used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or behaviours.
T
hese medicines do not cure mental illness. However, theycan reduce many of thesymptoms of mental illness and help a person to get on withlife. Psychotherapeutic
medications are divided into threecategories based on thesymptoms for which they are
primarilyused.
Psychotherapeutic medicine
Anti s choticantide ressantStimulant
y Medicine which activate thelevel of activity arousal or
alertness of thecentral
nervoussystem to reduce
fatigue and elevate mood in
most people.
y Frequently prescribedstimulants include
methyphenidate,
dextroamphetamine and
amphetamine.
y High doses or excessive useofstimulant over long
periods of timecan lead to
anxiety ,hallucinations,severe
depression, or physical and
psychological dependence.
y Medicine used primarily in thetreatment of depression.
y Someexample of antidepressantin the market today are
tranquilizers and barbiturates.
Tranquilize
Used to calm down person andthus reduce tension and anxiety.
Possiblesideeffects includedrownsiness,poor coordination or
light-headness.
Overdose of these drugscan leadto respiratory
difficulties,sleeplessness,coma
and even death.
Barbiturates
Used to sedate, calm,o relax mostindividuals at low doses and at
somewhat higher dosescan
inducesleep.
Addictive or habit-forming. People who rely on barbiturates
sometimes kill themselves
accidentally by taking an
overdose.
y Used to treat psychiatric illnesssuch asschizophrenia.
y Common antipsychotic medicinesarechlorpromazine,haloperidol
and clozapine.
chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
clozapine.
y Sideeffects of Antipsychoticmedicine are mild
y Manycommon onesdisappear after the first few
weeks of treatment.
y These includes drownsiness,rapid heartbeat and dizziness
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