MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL

FIBERS

J.K.CHHABRA Ex Scientist CSIO,

Chandigarh

Chhabra_jk@yahoo.com

Optical Fibres Beyond Telecommunications

• Optical fibres can also have applications in: – Medicine

– Biological and genetics research

– Defence

– Industrial materials processing

– Chemical and pollution sensing

– Next generation lasers

– Optical data processing

– Transmitting light beyond the near-IR

…

ENDOSCOPY

THE NAME ENDOSCOPE IS DERIVED FROM TWO GREEK

WORDS WHICH ARE ENDOM (WITHIN) AND SKOPEIN (VIEW).

A BUNDLE OF PRECISELY ALIGNED FLEXIBLE OPTICAL

FIBERS IS USED SOME FOR USE AS AN IMAGE GUIDE AND THE

OTHER AS A LIGHT GUIDE

ADDITIONALLY, ANCILLARY CHANNELS MAY BE PRESENT FOR

THE PASSAGE OF AIR, WATER, AS WELL AS REMOTE CONTROL

IMPLEMENTS SUCH AS BIOPSY FORCEPS OR CYTOLOGY

BRUSHES.

ENDOSCOPY

Buffer

Core

Cladding

The Rigid Endoscope

LIGHT SOURCE

Image Transmission by Fiber Bundle

Optics-Hecht & Zajac Photo by American Cytoscope Makers Inc.

LIGHT SOURCES

• Tungsten filament lamp

• Halogen reflector lamp

- optimal use of light

• Rare-earth xenon lamp

- high intensity light

- true color display (xenon daylight effect)

OPERATION THEATRE

LED Endoscope

Foreign body removal

ENDOSCOPE TO VIDEO

Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image viewed on a monitor

Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) to Capture and store image data 2D array of individual elements that can store

an electric charge can respond to as high as 70% of the incident

light

CAUGHT IN THE ACT??

THE VIEW

Singlemode optical fiber as a resonant scanner with piezoelectric

tube as the 2D actuator.

Endoscope

Teeth Scar on skin

Live flower Dried sheep lung

ENDOSCOPE

BILIARY AND

PANCREATIC

PROCEDURE

Balloon Dilatation

Diagnosis

Drainage

Extraction & Lithotripsy

Foreign Body Removal

Papillotomy

RADIAL ENDOSCOPE

Video

OPTHALMOLOGY

INTRAOCULAR DISTANCES CAN BE MEASURED BY

VARYING THE REFERENCE PATH LENGTH BY

TRANSLATION OF A MIRROR, AND MEASURING

COHERENT INTERFERENCE PEAKS AT THE

DETECTOR WHEN THE EYELAYER OPTICAL

PATHLENGTHS AND THE REFERENCE

PATHLENGTHS ARE EQUAL

ENT

ENT HEAD LAMP

DENTISTRY

MATCHING OF THE COLOR OF TEETH CAN BE

DOINE USING A SLENDER, FLEXIBLE

POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE PLASTIC FIBER

OPTIC BUNDLE TO ILLUMINATE A PORTION OF THE

TOOTH USING WHITE LIGHT AND GUIDING THE

REFLECTED LIGHT BACK TO A SPECTROMETER

Intra-Oral Dental Cameras

As it is nearly impossible to see inside your own mouth, intra-oral

cameras provide a previously unseen view. As the camera moves

around your mouth, it sends video images to a computing unit where

the images are enlarged and transmitted to a television screen.

Applications in dentistry

Laser applications in dentistry

• Alternative to mechanical drills and CW lasers

• Reduced thermal stress

• And micro cracks in enamel

Dental LASER

• . Designed for a wide range of endodontic, periodontics and dental surgery procedures,

• Picasso allows for clean cutting and haemostasis in soft tissue procedures, cuts gum tissue with precision, helps sterilize canals in endodontic, treats periodontal disease, and aids in tooth whitening.

Diagnostic Application Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Goal: Noninvasive tissue characterization to replace or guide

physical biopsy, e.g. early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Single optical

fiber

Laser

Camera Filters

Imaging bundle

Wavelength Em

issi

on

in

ten

sity

Normal mucosa

Image 1

Image 2

Early carcinoma

OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR BRAIN IMAGING.

EEG

Optrodes

Perform what you think

Tactile Sensors

ADVANTAGES FOR THE LASER AS A

MEDICAL CUTTING TOOL

Lasers & Medicine

Reduces pain and

trauma for the patient

Speeds healing — thereby

shortening costly hospital stays

Improves the accuracy

of certain surgical procedures

Touch less Brain and Spine Surgery

Lasers & Medicine

• Greater accuracy of incisions

• Lasers can be inserted inside the body with little

risk or discomfort

• Incisions can be guided by computers

• The laser is extremely precise, and can be

tuned to work on a micro-level, barely visible to

the human eye

Laser Brain Surgery

ADVANTAGES FOR THE LASER

AS A

MEDICAL CUTTING TOOL

Lasers & Medicine

• Certain conditions which were once inoperable due to the

accuracy of incisions necessary are now possible.

• Today, compact lasers can be inserted inside the body

with little risk or discomfort, going places and

performing surgeries that were not humanly

possible before.

• Lasers guided by computers can eliminate human error

in surgery.

Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter

Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter

Fiber Optic Probe Colorimeter

Portable Spectrophotometer

Flow Cell

Portable Spectrophotometer Cuvtte

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On-line absorption spectroscopy

color and turbidity of port wine

Courtesy of Sandeman, Porto, Portugal ICOP 2009 - Chandigarh

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BURIED FIBER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

BELOW GROUND SENSOR CABLES CAN BE LAID INSTEAD

PERIMETER FENCES IF DETECTION (RATHER THAN

OBSTRUCTION) IS THE PRIME OBJECTIVE

: ‘Smart’ Bed

• The ‘Smart’ Bed Concept was Developed in Response to the

Need for Non-Intrusive Automated Monitoring of Patient

Movement and Vital Signs

• A long gauge length integrating fiber optic sensor is integrated

into a standard patient bed beneath the mattress.

• Patient physical movement and movement due to respiration and

heartbeat perturb the fiber.

• Modulation of the optical signal due to the integrated mechanical

perturbation of the fiber is processed to provide the required

information.

Sedentary patients in nursing homes require

assisted movement to prevent the occurrence

of pressure induced ulcers (bed sores). If

patient movement can be remotely

monitored, optimum schedules for assisted

movement can be devised.

The potential market for such a capability is

in the multi-$B range.

Sedentary Elderly Become Vulnerable to Extremely

Painful Conditions Due to Lack of Mobility

Smart Bed Testing

The STM Sensor Demonstrated the Ability to Detect

Patient Movement and Respiration Rate

STM

sensor

nurse wearing RF ID tag

remote unit

transmits camera

frame and RF ID#

data is processed and activity is

logged by a central computer at

the nurses’ station

The System Uses Cost Effective Off-

the-Shelf Hardware

Optical fibers in Textiles

Optical fibers in Textiles

ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY-CYST REMOVAL

VIDEO

Pill Camera

Chip IN Pill

Doctor In a Pill

The chips that are good for your health

• A new pharmaceutical program that many

Britons might find literally hard to swallow, has

been announced. Pharmacy chain Lloyds

pharmacy has partnered with American

technology firm Proteus Biomedical to

bring to the British public a product called

Helius; a tiny microchip that is swallowed in

pill form and whose purpose is to help remind

patients to take their medications on time and

to offer bio-feedback such as body temperature,

heart rate and even sleeping patterns.

Chip in Pill

Video

Greek methods of diagnosis and treatment Appeals to the gods

When their doctors could not heal them, many Greeks still appealed to their gods. Places such as Epidaurus had a temple - called an asklepion - to Asklepios, the Greek god of healing.

After exercising and resting, and perhaps taking certain potions, patients slept the night in the holy place - called the abaton - of the temple. Here the god and his daughters Hygeia and Panacea came with two holy snakes, and healed the patients.

The snake is still the symbol of chemists, and the words hygiene and panacea have become a part of our language

Asklepios

Greek God of Healing

chhabra_jk@yahoo.com

Asklepios

Panacea

Endoscopes snakes ???

Fibers are Everywhere

79

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE

chhabra_jk@yahoo.com