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Mechanisms. What is a Mechanism?. In a machine - one part causing another to move Used to transfer or change speed, torque, force, type of motion and / or direction of motion. Mechanisms - Change Direction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Mechanisms
What is a Mechanism?In a machine - one part causing another to
moveUsed to transfer or change speed, torque,
force, type of motion and / or direction of motion.
Mechanisms - Change Direction
• Meshed gears in a gear train always turn in opposite directions
Mechanisms - Change Movement
Rotary
LinearReciprocating
Oscillating
Mechanisms - Change Speed• Gear ratios compare the output (or driven gear)
to the input (or drive gear)• Output : Input
• Gear Ratios can be determined using number (n) of teeth on the gear or diameter (d) of the gear
• If the output gear is larger than the input gear the speed will decrease
• If the output gear is smaller than the input gear the speed will increase
Mechanisms – Change Force or Torque
A force is a push or pull in a straight line.
Torque is a push or pull in a circular direction or twisting motion
Simple Gear TrainInput and Output Shafts
parallel (A & B)A – Ratio 1:1 [Output to Input]• Speed is constant• Torque is constant
B – Ratio 3:5 [Output to Input]36 teeth : 60 teeth
• Speed is increased• Torque is decreasedFlow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotationalDirection – opposite
A.
B.
Driven / OutputDrive / Input
Driven / outputDrive / Input
Where Do You Find a Simple Gear Train?
Two meshed gears will rotate in opposite directions
Watch gears
Found in:– Watch– Sewing Machine– Motor
Simple Gear Train with IdlerInput and Output Shafts
parallel Ratio 1:1 [Output to Input]• Speed is constant• Torque is constant
Flow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotational to rotationalDirection – same
Driven / OutputDrive / InputIdler
Where Do You Find a Simple Gear Train with Idler?
Two meshed gears will rotate in opposite directions.
An Idler Gear allows the drive and driven gears to rotate in the same direction.
7. Found in - Paper Transport Rollers / Car Transmission
Bevel GearInput and Output Shafts
90 degrees Ratio 1:1 [Output to Input]• Speed is constant• Torque is constant
Flow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotationalDirection – same
Where Can You Find a Bevel Gear?
• The bevel gear is used to change rotational motion at a 90˚ angle.
Found in:• Hand drill• Car Differential
Differential Gear
1. Gears used – Bevel2. Used in – rear end of rear wheel drive vehicles3. Purpose – Wheels spin at different speeds
when turninghttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/differential.htm
Worm and WheelInput and Output Shafts
90 Degrees Ratio 1:24 [Output to Input]• Speed is decreased• Torque is increased
Flow of power – not reversibleMotion - rotational to rotationalDirection – same &
reversible
Wheel
Worm
Where Do You Find a Worm and Wheel?
• A worm is used to reduce speed and increase torque.
Found in: • Tuning mechanism
on string instruments• Electric motors• Winch
LeadscrewSpeed is decreasedForce is increasedRevolutions 4.75 (per design)
Flow of power – not reversibleMotion - rotational to linearDirection – reversible
Where Do You Find a Lead Screw?
• Jack• Vice
• Changes rotary movement into linear movement
• Significantly increases force
• A person can put a little force into turning the handle to lift a heavy car
Rack and Pinion
Force increasedInput Movement
rotaryOutput Movement
linearWith a Larger Pinion Gear -
the rack will move a longer distance
Flow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to linearDirection – same & Reversible
Pinion
Rack
Rack
Pinion
Where Do You Find a Rack and Pinion?
• Used to convert between rotary and linear motion.
• Provides gear reduction to make it easier to turn the wheels.
Used in steering systems of cars to convert rotary motion of steering wheel to the side to side motion in the wheels.
Universal Joint
Angular Range > 90˚ and < 270˚
Ratio 1:1• Speed is constant• Torque is constant
Flow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotationalDirection – same
Where Can You Find a Universal Joint?
• Drive shaft of vehicles
• Power take-off
Universal joints are used to transmit rotary movement at an angle that is not 90°.
Chain DriveA - Shafts are parallelRatio 30:18 or 5:3 [Output to Input]
• Speed is increased• Torque is decreased B – Shafts are parallel
Ratio 18:30 or 3:5 [Output to Input]
• Speed is decreased• Torque is increasedFlow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotational Direction – same
Driven / Output ADrive / Input
Drive / Input
Driven / Output B
Where Do You Find a Chain and Sprocket?
Advantage of Chain and Sprocket over spur gears:Transfer torque and speed over long distances
Found in: • Bicycle• Motorcycle
Belt Drive
Input and Output Shafts parallel
Ratio 1:1 [Output to Input]• Speed is constant• Torque is constant
Flow of power - reversibleMotion - rotational to rotational to rotationalDirection – open belt same
- crossed belt opposite
Drive
Driven
Where Do You Find a Pulley and Belt?
Found in:• Lawn mower• Car engine BELTS
Belts instead of chains:• Quieter /Less expensive• Less durable / slip
Crank and SliderSpeed / Force – N/A
Input Movement rotary
Output Movement reciprocating
Slider moves- diameter of the crank
Flow of power – not reversibleDirection – same & reversible
SliderCrank
Where Do You Find a Crank and Slider?
Found in:• Steam train• Internal combustion
engine
Cam and FollowerSpeed & Force N/AInput Movement rotaryOutput Movement reciprocatingFollower moves up and down 1 time for every revolution of the crankFlow of Power not reversibleDirection of Travel not reversible
CAM
FOLLOWER
Where Do You Find a Cam and Follower?
• As a cam rotates, the flat follower is raised and lowered, converting rotary motion to reciprocating (back and forth) motion.
• The cam pictured here would be reversible, as it is symmetrical.
Found in:Cam shaft
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