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7/25/2019 MEBS6016 KKLam EnergyAudit Print
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Energy Auditing of Buildings
Department of EEE
Easwari Engineering College
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Energy Consumption Pattern
of Commercial PremisesAverage consumption:
-Office 2! "#$%m2%year
-$ospital 2&& "#$%m2%year
-Post office '(& "#$%m2%year
Energy consumption pattern:
-AC )*+
-Office e,uipment 22+
-ig.ting '/+
-ift and Ot.er ''+
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#.at is Energy Audit
Energy Audit is a periodic e0aminationof an energy system to ensure t.atenergy is 1eing used as efficiently as
possi1leEnergy audit is a top-down initiative3ts result depends on t.e resources
1eing allocated 1y top management3n many ways4 an energy audit issimilar to financial accounting andauditing
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Advantages of Energy Audit
5.roug. energy audit4 you can:Promote awareness in energy efficiency3dentify t.e cost of energy you use
3dentify and minimi6e wastage7a"ing c.anges to procedure4 e,uipmentand system to save energy
8etrofit energy efficiency tec.nologiesConserve non-renewa1le energy resourcesProtect t.e environment 1y reducing powergeneration
8educe running costs
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Procedure of Energy Audit Pre-audit stage
' Defining scope of energy audit
2 9orming an energy audit team
Estimating time frame and 1udget
) Collecting 1uilding information Energy audit stage
' Conducting site inspection and measurement
2 Analy6ing data collected
Preparing energy audit report Post-audit stage
' 3mplementation of energy management opportunities
2 7onitoring and review
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;cope of Energy Audit
3mportance of involvement of seniormanagement4 facilities operator and staff indetermining t.e scopes of wor"s and t.eavaila1le resources for conducting t.e
energy audit5.e scopes of wor" include t.e areas to1e audited4 t.e level of sop.istication of t.e
audit4 t.e savings anticipated4 t.e needs forimprovements on O
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Energy Audit 5eam
A team of auditors form t.e audit team 5.enum1er of auditors depend on t.e scope and
o1=ectives of t.e energy audit 5.e duties of t.e
mem1ers of t.e audit team s.ould 1e defined
Auditors are competent person .aving ade,uate
"nowledge on B; installations
3nvolving t.e facilities operators to provide input
3f in-.ouse e0pertise is not ade,uate4 energy
audit consultants >including ?niversity staff@
s.ould 1e employed
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5ime9rame and Budget
Based on availa1le resources4 t.e time frame andt.e 1udget can 1e esta1lis.ed
5.e 1udget is mainly 1uilt-up on cost of auditor-.ours
5.e num1er of auditor-.ours is dependent of t.edegree of sop.istication re,uired 1y t.e scope ofaudit A detailed audit can .ave auditor-.ours t.atare a1out ! to '& times t.at re,uired 1y a wal"-t.roug. audit
5.e audit team s.ould c.ec" if ade,uate testinginstruments are availa1le and cost of purc.asingadditional instruments s.ould 1e added
3n addition4 t.e cost of employing B; Consultants
s.ould 1e included4 if so re,uired
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8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >'@
Electricaloltmeter oltage
Ammeter Current
O.mmeter 8esistance7ulti-meter 4 3 < 8
#attmeter Active power
Power factor meter Power factor%apparent power
ig.t meter ig.ting level
Power ,uality analy6er $armonic contents
5.ermograp.ic scanner Conductors temperature
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8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >2@
5emperature and $umidity
5.ermometer Dry 1ul1 temp
;ling psyc.rometer Dry < wet 1ul1 temp
3nfrared remote tempsensing gun
;ense energy losses due toimproper insulation
Digital t.ermometer
wit. temp pro1e
5emp inside air duct
>t.ermocouple pro1e for .ig. 5@$air .ygrometer $umidity%wet 1ul1 temp
Digital t.ermometer $umidity%dry < wet 1ul1 temp
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8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >@
Pressure < elocityPitotstatic tu1emanometer
Air flow velocity < pressure
Digital anemometer wit.pro1e Air flow velocity < pressure
ane type anemometer Air velocity t.roug. a coil4 airinta"e < e0.aust4 etc
$ood type anemometer Air flow rate of grillePressure gauge i,uid Pressure
?ltrasonic flow meterwit. pipe clamps
i,uid flow < velocity
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8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >)@
7iscellaneous
E0.aust gas analy6erwit. pro1e
54 O24 CO4 CO2and O0
8efrigerant gas lea"agetester
Detect refrigerant lea"age
?ltrasonic lea" detector Detect compressed air lea"age
;team lea" detector Detect steam lea"age >usually forsteam trap@
5ac.ometer 8otating speed
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Collecting Building 3nformation
>'@
eneral 1uilding c.aracteristics suc. as floor plans4num1er of occupants4 .our of occupation4 details of1uilding elements4 orientation4 etc
5ec.nical details of energy consuminge,uipment%systemsB; design reports wit. system sc.ematic diagrams4layout drawings4 etcE,uipment%system operation records4 including datalog s.eets8ecord of E7O already implementedO
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Collecting Building 3nformation
>2@5.e audit team s.ould determine t.e
appropriate parties to 1e approac.ed for
information collection
5.e needs to discuss wit. t.ese parties for
familiari6ation of t.e 1uilding and t.e
e,uipment%systems
5.e audit team s.ould consider issuing
,uestionnaires to end-users to collect
information on t.ermal comfort4 lig.ting comfort4
operational .ours of t.e offices4 etc
C ll ti B ildi 3 f ti
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Collecting Building 3nformation
>@As t.is stage4 t.e audit team s.ould 1e a1le to tell t.e
c.aracteristics of t.e energy consuming
e,uipment%systems suc. as:
' 5ype of c.illers4 t.eir capacities < c.aracteristics
2 5ype of $AC systems4 t.eir components andc.aracteristics
Occupancies or usage for various systems
) Control devices for various e,uipment%systems
! 5ype of luminaires4 t.eir c.aracteristics and controlmec.anisms
Power distri1ution system c.aracteristics
( Operational c.aracteristics of lift < escalator system
* C.aracteristics of t.e 1uilding
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;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >'@
Plan t.e site inspection for t.e areas and t.ee,uipment%systems to 1e investigated
Allocate t.e wor" among t.e auditors
Develop energy audit forms to record t.efindings
Plan a.ead on t.e site measurements to
supplement or verify t.e information collected5.e measurements s.ould focus on
e,uipment%systems t.at inade,uate information
is availa1le
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;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >2@
3nspection of 1uilding and plants to identify o1vious
areas of wastage and E7O 5ypical areas include: 8unning .ours of AC system 8unning .ours of ot.er system%e,uipment engt. of AC pre-cool period Control set point of a1ove system%e,uipment
3nternal comfort conditions4 eg 54 8$4 air flow rates4 lig.ting level4water temperature4 etc Doors not properly closed Curtains or 1linds not provided in AC areas ocations w.ere AC and lig.ting are unnecessarily provided 5.e use of energy inefficient lig.ting
3mproper positioning of t.ermostats and switc.es A1normal water consumption Ade,uacy of insulation of 1uilding fa1rics Amount of waste .eat disc.arged from e,uipment t.at could 1e
recovered
Areas of .ig. energy consumption and t.e opportunities forimprovement
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;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >@
During measurement4 t.e sensors s.ould
1e located at points t.at can 1est reflectt.e need or function of t.e controlledparameters
3f provisions for measurement are a1sent4t.e auditor may .ave to install test .oles< plugs or to use ultrasonic type meters
3f measurements are not practical forsome systems4 t.e auditor may .ave torefer to t.e c.aracteristics curves%grap.s
from t.e O
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Analy6ing Data Collected >'@
Based on t.e information collected4 t.e audit teams.ould screen and spot t.e parameters wit. valuesand trends t.at deviate from w.at would 1eanticipated 5.ese are potential energy management
opportunities >E7Os@E7Os are improvement wor"s t.at save energy andt.e investments can 1e repaid 1y t.e savings inreasona1le time
$owever4 t.ey s.ould ta"e into account t.e analysisof t.e irregularities caused 1y c.anges in occupancy4weat.er or ot.er activities
5o identify t.e potential E7Os4 calculations s.ould 1e
performed ,ualifying energy savings
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Analy6ing Data Collected >2@
5o evaluate t.e effectiveness of an E7O4 t.e auditor.as to calculate t.e pay1ac" period4 net present day
value or rate of return ;ometimes a life cycle cost
assessment may .ave to 1e performed
An E7O s.ould normally not downgrade t.e ,uality ofservice to t.at 1elow common design standards
3t is important to maintain good t.ermal comfort4 lig.ting
comfort and ade,uate supply of fres. air3t is always possi1le to improve energy efficiency and at
t.e same time maintain or even improve indoor air
,uality
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Analy6ing Data Collected >@
#.en determining E7O4 it is necessary tota"e into account t.e already sc.eduledma=or maintenance wor"s 5.is reduces t.ecost accounta1le to t.e implementation of
t.e E7Os 5.e auditors s.ould produce t.e following for
use in t.e audit report:
' grap.s of various energy consumption againstmont.s
2 C.arts of different proportion of energyconsumption of a 1uilding
Energy utili6ation inde0 >eg energy%m2@
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Analy6ing Data Collected >)@
Data collected may .ave different units and it is useful
to use t.e following conversion ta1le to facilitatecomparison
Energy form ?nit Conversion factor >7@Electricity "#.
5own gas ?nit )*
P "g )
Diesel fuel "g )2!
litre (
Petrol litre 2!
erosene litre !
9uel oil litre /(
"g )'*
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Energy 7anagement Opportunities
Cat ' E7Os are E7Os wit. no costimplication
Cat 2 E7Os are E7Os wit. little cost
implicationCat E7Os are E7Os wit. significant
investment
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Cat' E7Os >'@
Correcting air%water flow rate;witc.ing off fittings in vacant areas
Delamping
Closing of doors4 windows
C.ec"ing fres. air dampers
;witc. off lifts and escalators during off pea"
period
Adopt natural or mec.anical ventilation as far
as possi1le
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Cat ' E7Os >2@
$ouse"eeping measures4 eg notices4
promotional activities4 turn on e,uipment 2@
Energy efficient office e,uipment8eplacing damaged insulation
Occupancy sensor
5ime switc.8e-programming of CC7;
Day lig.t sensor
;et1ac" controlCO2sensor
$armonic filter
Power factor correction device
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Cat E7Os >'@
3nstalling 5!4 5* wit. electronic 1allasts
B7; and software en.ancement
ew c.illers wit. .ig. COP
#ater-cooled system wit. cooling tower
$ig. efficiency motors
;D#ater saving taps
ow volume water closet
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Cat E7Os >2@
8ecover waste .eat%cool air eg t.ermalw.eel4
$eat pump
Automatic condenser cleaning
7oderni6ation of old lifts
reen 3nitiatives t.at en.ance corporate
image4 eg renewa1le energy4 replacement of
o6one depleting refrigerant
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Energy Audit 8eport >'@
E0ecutive summary' Provides t.e 1uilding management a ,uic"
overview of t.e scope of audit4 E7Os identified4recommended actions =ustified 1y savings and
implementation plan
3ntroduction
' 5.e 1uilding 1eing audited wit. c.aracteristics of
t.e 1uilding4 sc.ematics4 layouts as appendi02 O1=ectives
;cope of audit
) Audit team
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Energy Audit 8eport >2@
Description of e,uipment%systems' Foning of systems according to 1uilding .eig.t or
usage
2 $AC installation for different areas ig.ting installation
) Electrical installation
! ift < escalator installation Plum1ing < drainage system
( $ot water system
* Ot.er energy consuming e,uipment%systems
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Energy Audit 8eport >@
9indings -5.is part aims to focus ondescription of t.e results of t.e site inspection
' 9indings in a systematic format suc. as in order of
systems or order of floors or in order of usage
2 Description of areas wit. special re,uirements
eg 2)-.our operation4 low temperature4 etc
Calculation on cooling load4 lig.ting load4 electrical
load and annual energy consumption wit. detailedcalculation in appendi0
) 9indings on O
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Energy Audit 8eport >)@
Analysis and identification of EMOs' Comparison on actual performance of e,uipment%systems
against original design and identify causes of anydiscrepancy
2 Possi1le E7Os and su1stantiations >detailed calculations
in appendi0@ 3mplementation costs for E7Os >detailed calculations in
appendi0@
) Comparison of different solutions to t.e same E7Os
! Classification of t.e E7Os into categories
isting of all E7Os in a systematic format suc. as in orderof system eg $AC4 lig.ting4 etc
( 3nvestments and pay1ac" of eac. E7O
* Difficulties t.at may encounter in implementation
/ Programme for implementation of E7Os'& Areas for furt.er stud if an
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Energy Audit 8eport >!@
Recommendations' 8ecommendations s.ould 1e made in a
systematic order
2 rouping items of similarnature%location%usage toget.er
rouping according to t.eir categories >ie
Cat '4 Cat 2 and Cat @) 5.e initial investment and pay1ac" s.ould
1e .ig.lig.ted .ere again
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3mplementation of E7O
;elf funding G t.is will .arvest t.e 1iggest 1enefits1ut t.e organi6ation must .ave initial funding
Energy services company G can 1e employed tocarry out t.e implementation of E7Os
Energy performance contracting
- using t.e saved energy cost to finance t.e energy
efficiency improvement wor"s-eeds for fair contract and protocol for verificationof energy savings
-;uccessful cases in .ospital and university
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
$AC GE7O Cat 'AC remained HonI outsideoffice area
5.e last man out to turn offAC or install time switc.
?nnecessary consumptionof energy
AC remained HonI forunoccupied areas orredundant areas
5.e last man out to turn offAC or install occupancysensors
?nnecessary consumptionof energy
Door or window left openw.en AC is HonI
Close door or window ! to 2&+ savings
5oo cold in summer egroom at 2'&C
;et t.ermostat to 2)&C '& to &+ savings
E0cessive pressure drop
across filters
Clean filters ! to 2&+ savings in fan
power
C.illed water at &C outsidesummer
8e-set temperature to *&C to + savings of c.illerpower
Automatic control overrides1y manual control
Disa1le manual control '& to '!+ savings
E0cessive ventilation Ad=ust fres. air dampers ! to &+ savings
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
$AC GE7O Cat 2o 1linds or 1linds notclosed for windows
3nstall or close 1linds ! to &+ savings to offsetsolar .eat gain
Access door of A$? orductwor" .as lea"age ofsay +
8ectify lea"ages + of fan power
E0cessive water leavingpump gland
8eplace stuffing 1o0 wit.mec.anical seal
A flow of ' lit%min flowmeans '&&& "#. per year
Overcooled spots due toimproper air 1alancing
Add dampers if re,uiredand 1alance t.e system
'! to 2!+ savings
Overcooled spots due to
improper water 1alancing
Add valves if re,uired and
1alance t.e system
'! to 2!+ savings
ac" of individual control Add controller '& to '!+ savings
Building lea"age 8ectify lea"age ! to '&+ savings
Poorly maintained systems 3mprove maintenance
procedures
'& to &+ savings
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
$AC GE7O Cat
E,uipments operating1eyond t.eir economic lifee0pectancy
8eplace wit. energyefficient e,uipment
'& to &+ savings
3nefficient air cooled c.illers 8eplace wit. cooling tower
wit. water cooled c.illers
2& to &+ savings
Outdated control system 3nstall B7;%CC7; '& to 2!+ savings
Air flow controlled 1y inletguide vanes
3nstall ;D '& to &+ savings in fanpower
C.illed water pump driven1y constant speed motor
3nstall ;D '& to &+ savings in pumppower
C 9i di f E A di
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
ig.ting 3nstallation GE7O Cat '
ig.ting level too .ig. Disconnect power supply tosome fittings
'! to &+ savings
ig.ting along window areasturned HonI at day time
5urn off perimeter lig.tings 2& to &+ savings
ig.ting remained HonIoutside office area
5.e last man out to turn offlig.ting or install time switc.
?nnecessary consumptionof energy
ig.ting remained HonI forunoccupied areas
5.e last man out to turn offlig.ting or install occupancy
sensors
?nnecessary consumptionof energy
ig.ting remained HonI forredundant function
8emove t.e unnecessarylig.ting
?nnecessary consumptionof energy
C 9i di f E A dit
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
ig.ting 3nstallation GE7O Cat 2
5'2%5'& fittings used inlig.ting
8eplace wit. 5! fittings & to )&+ savings
5* fittings used in lig.ting 8eplace wit. 5! fittings 2& to &+ savings
7anual control for lig.ting 3nstall occupancy sensor J2&+ savings
3ncandescent lamp 1eingused
8eplace wit. compactfluorescent lamp
*&+ savings
ot enoug. lig.ting controlswitc.es 3nstall more switc.es >a1outone per '& m2@ '& to 2&+ savings
C 9i di f E A dit
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Common 9indings of Energy Audit
Electrical 3nstallation GE7O Cat 2 <
Over si6ing of motor 1y &+ 8eplace wit. smaller motorof proper si6e
Add ;D
!+ savings
!&+ savings
Overall power factor of &* 3mprove to min of &*! 7inimi6e losses t.roug.networ"
&+ total .armonicsdistortion
Add .armonic filter toreduce 5$D
7inimi6e losses t.roug.networ"
Power supply tariff is not
favoura1le
Conduct tariff review and
apply to supply company fora special c.arge rate ot.ert.an general tariff
;avings in electricity 1ills
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7onitoring < 8eview
;u1se,uent to t.e implementation of t.eE7Os4 t.e audit team s.ould monitor t.eenergy consumption for at least one yearto verify t.e predicted savingsAny discrepancies s.ould 1e analy6edand corrective actions ta"en;uccess stories s.ould 1e recorded andused to =ustify future energy auditrecommendations9ollow up energy audit s.ould 1e carried
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