McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and...

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Introduction toIntroduction toData Communications Data Communications

and and NetworkingNetworking

Workshop IWorkshop I

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Five components of data communication

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Figure 1.2 Simplex

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Figure 1.3 Half-duplex

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Figure 1.4 Full-duplex

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Point-to-point connection

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Figure 1.6 Multipoint connection

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Categories of topology

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Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

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Star topology

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Bus topology

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Ring topology

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Categories of networks

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Figure 1.13 LAN

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Figure 1.13 LAN (Continued)

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Figure 1.14 MAN

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Figure 1.15 WAN

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The InternetThe Internet

A Brief History

The Internet Today

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Chronology of Internet Evolution (W. Stallings)

1996 ARPA packet-switching experiment 1969 First ARPANET nodes operational 1972 Distributed e-mail invented 1973 Non US computer linked to ARPANET 1975 ARPANET transitioned to Defense

Communications Agency 1980 TCP/IP experiment began 1981 New host added every twenty days 1983 TCP/IP switchover complete

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Chronology of Internet Evolution continued (W. Stallings)

1986NSFnet backbone created 1990ARPANET retired 1991Gopher introduced 1991WWW invented 1992Mosaic introduced 1995Internet backbone privatized 1996OC-3 (155 Mbps) backbone built

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Growth of the Internet

Exponential growth in the 1990s (Web technology is a major factor)

More than 30-million computers were attached to the Internet in 1998

Doubling the size every 9 to 12 month in the 1990s

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Internet today

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Websites http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/ http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ http://www.nsrc.org/codes/bymap/ntlgy/

(Internetology: 1993-97, by continents, by date) http://www.w3.org/History.html (Web history) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone http://www.nthelp.com/maps.htm (backbone maps) http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Internet/Or

ganizations/Internet_Backbone/

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NetworkModels

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Layered Tasks

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier

Hierarchy

Services

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Sending a letter as an analogy

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Internet layers

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Peer-to-peer processes

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Physical layer

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The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one

node to the next.

Note:Note:

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The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from

one node to the next.

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Figure 2.7 Node-to-node delivery

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The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the

original source to the final destination.

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Figure 2.10 Source-to-destination delivery

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The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery of a message from

one process to another.

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Figure 2.12 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Figure 2.15 Application layer

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The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

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Summary of duties

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Configuration for TCP/IP: an Example

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Operation of TCP/IP: sending side

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Operation of TCP/IP: actions at the router

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Operation of TCP/IP: sending side

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TransmissionMedia

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Transmission medium and physical layer

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Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

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Guided MediaGuided Media

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

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Twisted-pair cable

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UTP and STP

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Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cablesCategories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use

1 very low < 100 kbps Analog Telephone

2 < 2 MHz 2 Mbps Analog/digital T-1 lines

3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Digital LANs

4 20 MHz 20 Mbps Digital LANs

5 100 MHz 100 Mbps Digital LANs

6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 Mbps Digital LANs

7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 Mbps Digital LANs

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UTP connector

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Coaxial cable

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BNC connectors

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Bending of light ray

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Optical fiber

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Modes

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Fiber construction

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Fiber-optic cable connectors

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Unguided Media: WirelessUnguided Media: Wireless

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Infrared

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Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

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BandsBands

BandBand RangeRange PropagationPropagation ApplicationApplication

VLFVLF 3–30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation

LFLF 30–300 KHz GroundRadio beacons and

navigational locators

MFMF 300 KHz–3 MHz Sky AM radio

HF HF 3–30 MHz SkyCitizens band (CB),

ship/aircraft communication

VHF VHF 30–300 MHzSky and

line-of-sightVHF TV, FM radio

UHF UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz Line-of-sightUHF TV, cellular phones,

paging, satellite

SHF SHF 3–30 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication

EHFEHF 30–300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation

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Wireless transmission waves

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Omnidirectional antennas

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Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and

television, and paging systems.

NoteNote::

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Unidirectional antennas

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Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular

telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

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Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area

using line-of-sight propagation.

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Connecting LANs,Backbone Networks

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Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices

Repeaters

Routers

Bridges

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Connecting devices

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Repeater

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A repeater connects segments of a LAN.

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A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.

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Hubs

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A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.

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Bridge

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Backbone NetworksBackbone Networks

Bus Backbone

Star Backbone

Connecting Remote LANs

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In a bus backbone, the topology of the backbone is a bus.

NoteNote::

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Figure 16.11 Bus backbone

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In a star backbone, the topology of the backbone is a star; the backbone is

just one switch.

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Figure 16.12 Star backbone

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Connecting remote LANs

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A point-to-point link acts as a LAN in a remote backbone connected by

remote bridges.

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VLANs create broadcast domains.

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