May 16, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key Issue 4 What is Ethnic...

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 7Key Issue 4

What is Ethnic Cleansing?

Forced MigrationThroughout history, ethnic groups have been forced to

flee from other ethnic groups' more powerful

armies.The largest level of forced migration came during (and

after) World War II.

Forced MigrationThe scale of forced migration during (and after) World War II has not been repeated, but

in the 1990s a new term-"ethnic cleansing"-was

invented to describe new practices by ethnic groups

against other ethnic groups.

Ethnic Cleansing

A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less

powerful one in order to create an ethnically

homogeneous region.

Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia

Part of a complex pattern of ethnic diversity in the region

of southeastern Europe known as the Balkan Peninsula.

The Balkans includes Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and

Romania, as well as several countries that once comprised

Yugoslavia.

The Balkan Peninsu

YugoslaviaCreation of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia The Balkan

Peninsula has long been a hotbed of unrest, a complex assemblage of ethnicities. Northern portions were

incorporated into the Austria-Hungary Empire, whereas

southern portions were ruled by the Ottomans.

AssassinationIn June 1914 the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serb who

sought independence for Bosnia.

The incident sparked World War I.

A New CountryAfter World War I the allies

created a new country, Yugoslavia, to unite several

Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic

languages.The prefix "Yugo" in the

country's name derives from the Slavic word for "south."

A Yugoslavia Refrain"Yugoslavia has seven neighbors,

six republics,five nationalities,four languages,three religions,

two alphabets, andone dinar (the national unit

of currency)."

Seven NeighborsAlbaniaAustriaBulgariaGreece

HungaryItaly

Romania

Six RepublicsBosnia and Herzegovina

CroatiaMacedonia

MontenegroSerbia

Slovenia

Five NationalitiesCroats

MacedoniaMontenegrens

SerbsSlovenes

Four LanguagesCroatian

MacedonianSerbianSlovene

Three Major Religions

Roman CatholicEastern Orthodox

RomanCyrillic

Two Alphabets

Ethnic Diversity in the Former Yugoslavia.

Despite cultural diversity, according to the refrain,

common economic interests kept Yugoslavia's

nationalities unified.

Destruction of Multi-Ethnic YugoslaviaEthnicities resurfaced in

Yugoslavia during the 1980s after Josip Broz

Tito's death, leading to the breakup of the country in

the early 1990s.

RedefinedWhen Yugoslavia’s republics

were transformed from local government units into

five separate countries, ethnicities fought to

redefine the boundaries.

Balkan Ethnicitie

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The creation of a viable country proved especially

difficult in the case of

Bosnia and Herzegovina.

War in Bosnia

Rather than live in an independent multi-ethnic

country with a Muslim plurality, Bosnia and

Herzegovina's Serbs and Croats fought to unite the

portions they inhabited with Serbia and Croatia,

respectively.

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia

Ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serbs against Bosnian Muslims was especially

severe, because much of the territory inhabited by

Bosnian Serbs was separated from Serbia by

areas with Bosnian Muslim majorities.

Bosnia’s Solution

Accords reached in Dayton, Ohio, in 1996 divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into three

regions, one each dominated by the Bosnian

Croats, Muslims, and Serbs.

Bosnia’s Muslim Region

Bosnian Muslims, 44% of the population before the ethnic cleansing, got 27

percent of the land.

The Remains of Yugoslavia

Despite the loss of Bosnia, Croatia, and Slovenia in

the early 1990s, Yugoslavia remained a multi-ethnic

country, although dominated by Serbs.

Particularly troubling was the province of Kosovo.

KosovoThe population, of the province of Kosovo, is 90% of ethnic Albanian

Muslims.Serbia had an historical claim to Kosovo, having

controlled it between the 12th and 14th centuries.

Kosovo Under Yugoslavia

Serbia was given control of Kosovo when Yugoslavia was created in the early

20th century.Under Tito, ethnic Albanians

in Kosovo received administrative autonomy

and national identity.

Albanians in Kosovo

As most Serbs emigrated from Kosovo north into

Serbia, the percentage of Albanians in Kosovo

increased from one half in 1946 to 3/4ths at the time of

Yugoslavia's last formal census in 1981.

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

With the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia took direct control of

Kosovo and launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing

of the Albanian majority.Arial Photography highlighted the Serbian activity in Kosovo.

Reaction to Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

Outraged by the ethnic cleansing, the United States

and Western European democracies, operating

through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), launched an air attack against Serbia.

BalkanizedA small geographic area that

could not successfully be organized into one or more

stable statesbecause it was inhabited by

many ethnicities with complex, long-standing

antagonisms toward each other.

BalkanizationThe process by which a state

breaks down through conflicts among its

ethnicities.

The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s is an

example.

The Balkans Today

Balkanization directly led to World War I.

At the end of the 20th century-after two world

wars and the rise and fall of communism-the Balkans have once again become

Balkanized.

Ethnicity in the

Balkans

Peace in the Balkans

If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because in a tragic way

ethnic cleansing "worked." Millions of people were rounded

up and killed or forced to migrate.

Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace in areas that

once were multi ethnic.

Central Africa Conflict

Long-standing conflicts between two ethnic groups, the Hutus and Tutsis, lie at the heart of a series of wars

in central Africa.

The Hutus and Tutsis

The Hutus were settled farmers.

The Tutsi were cattle herders who migrated from the Rift

Valley of western Kenya beginning 400 years ago.

Tutsi ControlThe Tutsi took control of the

kingdom of Rwanda and turned the Hutu into their

serfs. Under German and Belgian control, differences between

the two ethnicities were reinforced.

1st Ethnic CleansingShortly before Rwanda

gained its independence in 1962, Hutus killed or

ethnically cleansed most of the Tutsis out of fear that

the Tutsis would seize control of the newly

independent country.

2nd Ethnic Cleansing

In 1994 children of the ethnically cleansed Tutsis,

most of whom lived in neighboring Uganda,

poured back into Rwanda, defeated the Hutu army, and killed a half-million Hutus, while suffering a half-million casualties of

their own.

The Republic of Congo

Three million of the country's 7 million Hutus fled to

Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi.

The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into

neighboring countries of central Africa, especially

the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Tutsis help Congo Rebels

Tutsis were instrumental in the successful overthrow of the Congo's longtime

president, Joseph Mobutu, in 1997, replacing him with

Laurent Kabila.

Allied Against Tutsis

But Tutsis soon split with Kabila and led a rebellion that gained control of the eastern half of the Congo.

Armies from Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and

other neighboring countries came to Kabila's aid.

Ethnicities

verses Countrie

May 16, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key Issue 4 What is Ethnic...

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